\ 
















^6* 
















+* 



<?« .« 



r 



r- ^ ^ /M. **_ 










■°- '?W?> : J •*+ VMS'.* >*°* '•'^MV : 















• ««' 










> /\ 



fet'v w .•&£&•. \,/ /Jfe-- W 






/aV/ jctigytasMcoiiify^ *y i 



j31 



4" 



» 



>v^* 



^8» 






«!»«*?«'. 



Fig. 1. The organs and their locations 



.. ^ \ 



Copyright 1910 by The Penn Publishing Company 



©CL A 27 31 76 



Contents 

PAGE 

Introduction 7 

The Phrenologist and the Skeptic 7 

Phrenology as a Science 13 

CHAP. 

I. The Value and Importance of Phrenology . . 17 

Physiognomy 18 

Practical Basis of Phrenology 19 

Its Use and Mission , 21 

Founded on Natural Laws 22 

History — Dr. Gall 22 

J. G. Spurzheim 24 

Combe . 25 

Testimony of a Great English Scholar 27 

His Prediction 28 

II. Brain and Skull 29 

House of the Brain 29 

Bone is Living Matter 29 

Skull in Old Age 30 

Form Shows Character . 31 

Phrenology not Bumpology 3 1 

Measurements 32 

Variations in Form 33 

Racial Differences 34 

Male and Female Skulls .... 35 

III. The Basis of Phrenology 36 

Importance of Observation 36 

Phrenology and Animals 37 

Mind a Collection of Faculties 39 

Mental Power Depends on Brain Development . 40 

Organs Determined by Comparison 40 

Proofs , 41 

Phreno-Magnetism 42 

3 



CONTENTS 



PAGB 



IV. Definition of the Organs 44 

The Grouping of the Organs 48 

Lobes of the Brain 48 

Seat of Moral Powers 49 

Seat of Animal Instincts 49 

The Three Classes . , . 50 

The Propensities 51 

The Thinking, or Intellectual, Faculties .... 52 

Moral or Spiritual Sentiments 53 



V. Practical Directions 55 

The First Principle 57 

An Illustration ... 57 

Size a Measure of Power 58 

To Determine Kind of Power 58 

Average Size of Heads 60 

Qualifications Necessary for Phrenology .... 62 

To Prove its Truth 63 

Value of Comparison 63 

The Shaping Influence of Sex 64 

Combinations of Size . 66 

Rule 1 67 

Rule 2 67 

Rule 3 69 

Combinations in Activity 70 

Effects of Education .... 71 

Self-Improvement as a Modifying Cause .... 72 

Examples . 73 

How to Find the Organs 74 

Destructiveness ..... 74 

Secretiveness — Sublimity and Conscientiousness — 

Firmness 75 

Concentrativeness 75 

Cautiousness — Ideality and Mirthfulness .... 76 

Veneration — Hope and Spirituality 76 

Acquisitiveness and Constructiveness 76 

Parental Love — Amativeness 77 



CONTENTS 



CHAP. PAGE 

VI. The Organs and Their Functions ........ 79 

The Propensities 79 

(Social group) 

Amativeness 79 

Conjugality 84 

Philoprogenitiveness 86 

Adhesiveness 88 

Inhabitiveness 88 

Continuity 90 

( Selfish group) 

Vitativeness 91 

Combativeness 93 

Destructiveness 94 

Alimentiveness 96 

Acquisitiveness 97 

Secretiveness 98 

VII. The Moral Sentiments 100 

[Selfish group) 

Cautiousness ico 

Approbativeness 102 

Self-Esteem 103 

Firmness - 105 

{Religious group) 

Conscientiousness 106 

Hope 109 

Spirituality 109 

Veneration 1 1 1 

Benevolence 112 

( Sem i- Inlelleclua I group) 

Constructiveness 115 

Ideality 116 

Sublimity 1 16 

Imitation 117 

Mirthfulness 1 19 

VIII. Intellectual Faculties 120 

( Perceptive group) 

Individuality 1-0 



CONTENTS 



CHAP. PACE 

Form 122 

Size 123 

Weight 124 

Color 124 

Order 125 

Number 126 

Locality 127 

( L iterary group) 

Eventuality 128 

Time 129 

Tune 130 

Language 132 

{Reflective group) 

Causality 134 

Comparison 135 

Not Grouped 136 

Human Nature 136 

Agreeableness 137 

IX. Temperament as a Modifying Cause ..... 138 

Health 140 

Quality 141 

Precocious Children . 142 

Racial Influences 143 

X. The Temperaments 145 

The Lymphatic Temperament 147 

The Sanguine Temperament 147 

Bilious, or Muscular, Temperament 148 

Nervous Temperament 148 

Combination of Temperaments 148 

XI. The New Classification 150 

XII. The Temperaments Described 154 

The Motive Temperament 154 

The Vital Temperament 157 

The Mental Temperament 160 

Judging the Temperaments 162 



PHRENOLOGY 

INTRODUCTION 
THE PHRENOLOGIST AND THE SKEPTIC 

Several years ago, at South Deerfield, Massa- 
chusetts, a certain Nelson Sizer and a Dr. Buell were 
giving lectures on Phrenology. Two or three had 
already been given, and the whole people seemed 
aroused on the subject. 

Not all, however, were believers. The enthusi- 
asm and apparent sincerity of the lecturers had 
made a favorable impressson on many, but there 
were some who, like the people of Missouri, wanted 
to be " shown " in order to believe. 

Others were frankly skeptical of the phrenolo- 
gists' claims. The foremost of these was a certain 

Dr. A . The idea that any one, no matter how 

sincere or honest he might appear to be, could actu- 
ally read the character of an individual from the 
shape and appearance of his head — nay, more, 
could even tell what a person's disposition had 

7 



8 PHRENOLOGY 

been during life by an examination of his skull 
after death — to this practical man seemed absurd. 

True, during his previous lectures, Professor 
Sizer, by examining the heads of well-known per- 
sons in the audience, had made some striking and 
truthful statements ; but still the good Doctor be- 
lieved that it must be all " bosh." So he decided 
to set a trap for the phrenologist; he would 
" stump " him for once and laugh him and his pre- 
tended science out of town. Doubtless, as he pre- 
pared for the Professor's downfall, he chuckled 
gleefully to himself, and thought of the moment 
of triumph that would be his. 

At any rate, when the phrenologist was about to 
begin his lecture one evening, Dr. A — — immedi- 
ately rose and asked permission to say that he had a 
skull with him which he desired to submit for pub- 
lic examination at the close Qf the lecture. " I 
knew the person well to whom the skull be- 
longed," he said, " and have written the facts so as 
to compare them with your statement when you 
are done." 

"Yery well," was the answer. "P>ut we will 
not wait until the close of the lecture, for if we 
make a mistake, as the Doctor evidently hopes and 
expects we will, the audience may not care to hear 



PHRENOLOGY 9 

anything more on the subject, and I may not feel 
in the mood to lecture. So, if we are to be van- 
quished, I prefer to have it done while I am in full 
strength. Please bring forward the skull." 

This was done, and while the audience remained 
in an excited whispering state the two phrenolo- 
gists carefully examined the ghastly object. By 
putting a lighted candle in it behind their desk, 
they found that the bone was thin enough in some 
places to allow the light to shine through. This 
was especially true at the sides and back, which in 
former lectures they had declared to be the region 
of the passions and animal instincts. But in front, 
where they had declared the intellect had its seat 
in the living brain, all was dark, showing that the 
bone was very thick, except on each side. There, 
just where they had taught the organ of Tune was 
located, on a space about as large as a quarter of a 
dollar, the light was very bright, and the bone 
seemed scarcely thicker than letter-paper. Be- 
sides, the front half of the skull seemed heavy, so 
much so that when held in the centre it balanced 
forward with a bump. The form of the head was 
like that of a female, the general quality of the 
bone delicate, and the teeth young. 

Finally, Dr. Sizer turned to the audience and 



■io PHRENOLOGY 

called for some one to take down all that might be 
said, for comparison with the Doctor's paper. All 
things being ready, and the crowd painfully intent 
to hear every word, Professor Sizer said : 

"This is the skull of a female about twenty 
years old. She had a well-balanced head and 
character, up to about fourteen years of age ; was 
bright and intelligent, a good scholar, and ambi- 
tious, energetic and affectionate ; but something 
happened about that time that spoiled her intel- 
lect, with the single exception that her musical 
talent remained very active. Meanwhile, the pro- 
pensities were made unduly active ; and not being 
regulated by the intellect or moral sentiments, she 
became quarrelsome, cruel, cunning, avaricious, 
gluttonous, and inclined to social debasement." 

He then called upon the Doctor to send up his 
paper giving the person's history. 

The Doctor hesitated. "I am willing to ad- 
mit," he said, reluctantly, " that your description 
in some respects corresponds with the real charac- 
ter, but of course it is all guesswork." 

" Doctor," replied Professor Sizer, " you 
brought this skull and offered it as a challenge, 
saying you had the sketch written in your pocket ; 
that you knew all about the person who carried 



PHRENOLOGY 1 1 

the skull, and now you try to palm off an oral 
statement and insult us by the claim that if we 
have in any sense described the person, it is ' guess- 
work.' This course is unfair, it is unmanly, and 
being a medical man, it is wholly unprofessional. 
I demand ' Caesar's will,' and hope the gentlemen 
near the door will not permit the Doctor to carry 
it away. It is due to the audience, it is due to us, 
it is due to the Doctor, and to truth, that we have 
it to compare with our statement/' 

At this the audience set up such a clamor that 
the medical man was forced to comply. The 
statement was sent up and read by a prominent 
deacon in the hall, amid a silence that could be 
felt. It ran as follows : 

" The skull presented is that of a girl who was 
remarkably bright in every respect, and possessed 
a most excellent disposition until she was about 
fourteen and a half years old. She was forward 
as a scholar, and excellent in music. She took a 
heavy cold, followed by brain fever, and when she 
recovered from it her intellect was utterly gone 
except the single faculty of music, and though she 
lived six years as an idiot, she would sing like a 
nightingale. Her temper became very violent, 
and she was a terror to her friends, and what was 



12 PHRENOLOGY 

worse, she became vulgar and obscene. She was 
a patient of mine, and I knew her entire history." 

The audience listened to the reading of this 
statement, and then broke out in prolonged ap- 
plause. Even Dr. A was convinced. Going 

forward, he grasped the phrenologist's hand, say- 
ing : " This removes the only stumbling-block I 
had in regard to the acceptance of Phrenology. I 
thought a head so well shaped would deceive you ; 
but you have not only described her as she really 
was before she was ill, but as she was after sick- 
ness spoiled her, which I thought it impossible 
for anybody to do." 

This striking incident, and many others like it 
to be found in the history of the subject, proves 
that Phrenology is a real science, as its teachers 
claim, and not a mere branch of so-called fortune- 
telling. 

The difference between the phrenologist and the 
ordinary fortune-teller is this. The reader of 
cards or the like, and the seer of visions, gets, or 
pretends to get, his knowledge by other than 
natural means. This the expert phrenologist never 
does. He will, however, read you as an open book, 
and show a surprising knowledge of your weak 
and strong points. But he will not pretend to be 



PHRENOLOGY 13 

able to tell the history of your life from the cradle 
to the grave — whether you are happy or unhappy, 
rich or poor, married or single, or if you have a 
long or short life before you. True, he may 
draw wise conclusions respecting these things, but 
these are based wholly upon his expert knowledge 
of the various characteristics revealed to him, not 
by visions or outside aid of any kind, but by the 
human head alone. He will tell you accurately 
what you are best fitted for, and in what direction 
you can be successful, if you will make the most 
of your natural talents and strive to lessen by 
proper mental exercise and control, the bad 
qualities in you which he sees. True, there are 
some so-called phrenologists who throw an air of 
mystery around their readings. Their signs may 
be seen swinging from the windows of cheap 
lodging-houses in every large city, but they really 
have very little knowledge of Phrenology. It is 
largely because the general public does not know 
the difference between the real and the false that 
the subject is not better understood and more 
popular at the present time. 

Phrenology as a Science 
Phrenology is a true science, the principles of 



i 4 PHRENOLOGY 

which .may be learned and applied if sufficient 
time and attention are given to the study. The 
word itself comes from the Greek — " phren," mean- 
ing mind, and " logos," science. It is, in fact, the 
science of the mind. 

Mind itself is, of course, something that cannot 
be seen. We all know that it exists because we 
are able to think and reason, but just what it is, no 
one seems to feel exactly sure. This much, how- 
ever, can be said of it : it requires a material organ 
to work through ; that organ is the brain. It is 
by the brain that the phrenologist is able to read 
character. He makes no attempt to define the 
nature of the mind, but simply asserts that the 
brain is the physical instrument by and through 
which it acts. 

This is evident because where there is no brain 
there is no intelligence or power to think, as in 
the case of idiots whose heads, and therefore 
brains, are small and undeveloped when compared 
with the heads of men noted for their ability to 
think and reason. Serious injuries to the head 
often affect the mind, while similar injuries to 
other parts of the body leave it unharmed. So, 
too, disease in the brain may produce loss of 
memory and intelligence, or bring about insanity, 



PHRENOLOGY 15 

while mechanical pressure thereon often destroys 
all mental power. 

Therefore, the phrenologist rightly studies the 
brain of an individual for evidence of his mental 
strength and natural traits. As these together 
form the character of a person, a knowledge of 
what they are show his weak and strong points, 
and account for his success or failure in the various 
lines of human effort. 

Although it is not to be expected that every one 
can become as expert as Nelson Sizer 1 was in this 
line, as he was unusually gifted and had the ad- 
vantage of nearly fifty years' experience as a 
phrenologist, there is no reason why great skill and 
accuracy may not be acquired by all who are will- 
ing to give the necessary time and application to 
a thorough study of the subject. 

1 Professor Sizer was for forty -six years chief phrenological ex- 
aminer in the office of Fowler & Wells, who devoted their lives 
to spreading the truths of this science ; president of the Amer- 
ican Institute of Phrenology ; author of " Forty Years in 
Phrenology,' * 4< How to Study Strangers,' ' and many other val- 
uable works on the subject. During his lifetime he examiued 
the heads of more than 250,000 persons, and spent fifty -six 
years in lecturing on human character in all parts of the United 
States. His experience with the skeptic, given in the foregoing 
pages, was adapted from " Forty Years in Phrenology," as 
copied from his original diary. 



i6 PHRENOLOGY 

In the following pages are set forth the teach- 
ings of the great phrenologists of the past, to- 
gether with the latest and best ideas on the sub- 
ject, in what is intended to be a. simple, clear and 
interesting manner. So much has been written, 
and well written, about Phrenology that the au- 
thor makes no claim to anything new or original. 
But while his task has been one mainly of selec- 
tion from the works of Combe, Wells, Sizer, Hyde, 
and others, he has aimed to present the complete 
principles of the science in language which all can 
readily understand, and in a popular and instruct- 
ive way. 



CHAPTER I 

THE VALUE AND IMPORTANCE OF 
PHRENOLOGY 

" The principal study of mankind," wrote Alex- 
ander Pope, "is man." In this saying was com- 
pressed not only the results of the poet's own ob- 
servation and experience, but the wisdom of the 
ages. 

Nor is it less true in our day than it was in his. 
In the whole field of human inquiry there is noth- 
ing more important or more interesting than a 
knowledge of human character, for only by know- 
ing that can a man fully know himself. 

Yet, strangely enough, the study of man has not 
received the attention it deserves at the hands of 
those who aspire to be teachers of men. True, 
the warmth of the poet's imagination and the ac- 
curacy of observation belonging to the historian 
and the novelist have given to the world glowing 
descriptions of the passions, desires, longings, am- 
bitions, and all the various feelings which control 
the hidden springs of human action. But these 

17 



18 PHRENOLOGY 

pictures, though vivid, lack the agreement and 
clear-cut analysis which should form the basis of 
any real science of character. 

Nearly all of us, however, are in some degree 
character readers— or think we are. Almost un- 
consciously we judge men by the impression they 
make upon us by their gait, the manner in which 
they carry themselves and wear their clothes, the 
quality of their dress and mode of speech. All of 
these are significant outward signs of certain in- 
ward impulses. Yet in themselves they fall short 
of forming a complete index of the real mental and 
spiritual traits of man. 

We may indeed form an opinion of a person 
based on a single observation. That opinion is 
usually formed in great part by the impression 
conveyed to us by the person's face; in other 
words, we are, to some extent at least, physiog- 
nomists. 

Physiognomy 

Like other sciences, physiognomy is a system 
of character reading, developed slowly by observa- 
tion through the long experience of years. It has 
been made possible by the knowledge that men 
express their feelings, passions, and thoughts in 



PHRENOLOGY 19 

their faces and bodily attitudes. But, unfortu- 
nately for the practical use of the science, the ex- 
pression of the face may be changed at will, and 
by constant attention and practice the features 
may be set into an entirely misleading expression. 
A sharper or a thief may thus hide his real nature 
and purposes behind a look of honesty and good 
will. 

Practical Basis of Phrenology 
But this is not true of the skull, the size and 
shape of which cannot be changed at will by its 
owner. Therefore, Phrenology, because it has dis- 
covered and proved that the size, form, and appear- 
ance of the head correspond with the traits and 
inclinations of the individual, is of the utmost prac- 
tical importance. By its aid we are able to gauge 
our own capacity, to know our strong and weak 
points, and to learn what vices most easily beset 
us. Forewarned is forearmed, and knowing our- 
selves as we are, we can set about the work of self- 
improvement intelligently, and with the best pros- 
pects of complete success. 

Next in importance to self-knowledge is a knowl- 
edge of our fellows. Especially is this true of 
those with whom we are brought into close rela- 



20 PHRENOLOGY 

tions, either at home or in daily and hourly con- 
tact in the business world. Upon our knowledge 
of the defects and virtues of others with whom 
we are associated depends much of our happiness 
and well being. Anything that helps us to read 
character as one reads a printed page, is con- 
sequently to be welcomed as an aid to our own 
progress in life. The principles of Phrenology, 
if carefully studied and applied, will enable us 
largely to attain this end. 

It also becomes of great use in the measures 
taken to reform criminals, and even in aiding the 
mildly insane. Without the sure knowledge that 
Phrenology gives, reformers and educators are 
working more or less in the dark; by the flood 
of light which it throws upon human character 
they are able to work with nature and not against 
it, toward the desired end. 

If, for example, a person is found with any 
special organ unusually developed — say Destruc- 
tiveness, which, when too large, gives the desire to 
kill — all the circumstances which are liable to ex- 
cite that organ should be removed, while those 
organs which restrain the promptings of Destruc- 
tiveness should be made more active. So with all 
the organs ; the activity of those that tend toward 



PHRENOLOGY 21 

evil should be lessened, while those that have an 
influence for good should be strengthened. Where 
a natural talent for anything is shown to exist — 
say for music or art — the individual should be en- 
couraged to still further develop it by such study 
and practice as will tend to make it stronger. 

Its Use a^d Mission 

Phrenology is also of great use in choosing men 
for positions of trust. Take two men, for instance, 
who seem to have about the same amount of 
ability and experience for an important office re- 
quiring honesty and virtue. But suppose that one 
has a strongly-developed, well-rounded top-head, 
while the lower part of the head in the other is 
larger and his croivn nearly flat. The practical 
phrenologist would at once choose the man with 
the high top-head and less strong lower head, be- 
cause a high crown shows excellent moral quali- 
ties. 

Even as a source of pleasure and amusement 
this science gives to the student the power to 
gratify the cariosity of his friends and arouse 
their amazement ; but that, of course, is its small- 
est value. Its true mission is to bring about a 
proper growth and harmony of all those powers 



22 PHRENOLOGY 

which make a man useful and respected in his 
home life, among his friends, and in the world at 
large. 

Founded ox Natural Laws 
Nor is Phrenology a matter of vague and un- 
certain theories. Its principles have been proved 
to be sound and correct too many times in the past 
to be disputed by any except those who are blind 
to the value of facts and the weight of human 
testimony. No mere pretender assisted at its 
birth ; it was founded on no vain dream of the 
imagination ; it was based on laws of human na- 
ture as sound and true as the laws of any great 
science. In the street and the crowded lecture 
hall, in schools and colleges, in prisons and insane 
asylums, in churches and theatres, and among the 
savage tribes and civilized peoples of the world it 
has been tried and not found wanting. 

History — Dr. Gall 
Phrenology was first discovered and applied to 
character delineation by Dr. Franz Joseph Gall, a 
German physician, born in 1758. As a boy given 
to observation, he was struck by the diversity of 
talent and disposition among his companions at 
play or in the schoolroom. Some excelled in pen- 



PHRENOLOGY 23 

manship, others in arithmetic; some acquired a 
knowledge of languages with little effort, while 
some learned by heart anything they desired with 
the greatest ease. 

Both at school and later when he entered a 
university, he noticed that those who surpassed 
him in the ability to repeat by rote, all had prom- 
inent eyes. This led him to believe that there 
was an important connection between the two. 
After much reflection he concluded that, if memory 
for words was indicated by an external sign, such 
might be the case with the other intellectual 
powers. Continuing his observations, he at last 
became convinced that strongly marked traits of 
character and degrees of talent were associated 
with corresponding peculiarities in the form of 
the head. 

His interest now thoroughly aroused, he de- 
voted more than twenty years to study and ob- 
servation along this special line. Not only did 
he make collections of skulls and casts of heads 
of persons noted for special mental attainments, 
but he visited prisons, schools and colleges, study- 
ing and comparing the development of the crania 
of thousands of * persons. Thus by slow and 
painstaking methods he found external signs 



24 PHRENOLOGY 

which indicated a decided disposition for painting, 
music, and the mechanical arts. Later he dis- 
covered the signs of the moral sentiments. 

But it is to be noted that in making these 
observations Dr. Gall never for a moment thought 
that the shape of the skull accounted for the 
different talents, as those ignorant of the subject 
have sometimes represented. From the first, he 
referred the influence, whatever it was, to the 
brain. This he taught was merely the organ of 
the mind, which shaped the skull and which 
expressed the individuality or soul of its possessor. 
Thus the actual cause was traced back to its 
proper source. He taught also that different 
parts of the brain are connected with different 
functions of the body ; and that, other things 
being equal, size of the brain and its various 
parts is an indication of mental power. 

J. G. Spurzheim 
Beginning his lectures on his system at Vienna 
in 1796, he continued the work there for five 
years, with the assistance of Dr. J. G. Spurzheim, 
a convert to Phrenology, who not only added 
many valuable discoveries to those of his master 
regarding the structure and operations of the 



PHRENOLOGY 25 

brain, but contributed much to shape the fruits 
of their united labors into a beautiful and logical 
system of mental philosophy. Together they 
lectured in the chief cities of Northern Europe, 
and finally settled in Paris in 1807. 

Combe 

During a visit to England in 1813, Spurzheim 
became acquainted with George Combe, a man 
of great mental power and an ardent seeker of 
the truth ; but also very cautious in accepting 
anything new and untried. 

At first Combe regarded the new science with 
doubt and unbelief, but was so impressed by Dr. 
Spurzheim 's method in showing the detailed 
structure of the human brain by dissection, that 
his interest and admiration were aroused. 

Careful observation and comparison of the 
variations in the form of the skulls of men of 
known mental traits or talents, convinced Combe 
that these variations corresponded to the differ- 
ence in their recognized qualities. He found, in 
other words, that their individual traits agreed 
with the growth of the corresponding organs of 
the brain as set forth by Gall and Spurzheim. 
For the rest of his life he was a strong teacher of 



26 PHRENOLOGY 

the new theory, and gave many striking demon- 
strations of its accuracy. 

To these three men the world is indebted for 
its knowledge of Phrenology. In many European 
countries, as well as in the United States, which 
he visited, Combe was welcomed in the best social, 
scientific and political circles as a brilliant re- 
ligious, social and educational reformer and deep 
thinker. Both he and Dr. Gall were men of ex- 
ceptional intelligence, careful observers, close 
reasoners, and prone to arrive at conclusions only 
on overwhelming evidence. 

To suppose that their work is founded on error 
is unjust and untrue. All their discoveries in 
anatomy and physiology, which were bitterly op- 
posed at the time, are now admitted by the lead- 
ers in these lines to be sound and true. Phre- 
nologists are not afraid of their science ; they 
have begged and even demanded investigation. 
The heads of thousands of persons unknown to 
them have been successfully read, and it is signif- 
icant that those who have laughed at the claims 
of Phrenology and misquoted its teachings and 
principles have never succeeded in disproving it. 
And it is a fact strongly in favor of the science that 
those who have made a thorough study of its princi- 



PHRENOLOGY 27 

pies according to the natural rules laid down by phre- 
nologists, have ended by believing in the science. 1 

Testimony of a Great English Scholar 
Even among the scholars of to-day Phrenology 
is not without its staunch defenders. In his book, 
"The Wonderful Century," published in 1889, 
Alfred Russell Wallace, the well-known English 
naturalist and author, names Phrenology — " a 
science," he says, " of whose substantial truth and 
vast importance I have no more doubt than I 
have of the value and importance of any of the 
great intellectual advances already recorded " — as 
the chief of the important lines of investigation 
affecting our own intellectual and spiritual nature 
which has been neglected. It was, he declares, 
" founded step by step on observation and com- 
parison of facts, confirmed and checked in every 
conceivable way, and subjected to the most rigid 
tests. . . . Three men of exceptional talents 
and acuteness of observation devoted their lives 
to the collection of these facts. And it was only 
after making allowance for every source of un- 
certainty or error that they announced the possi- 

1 Thomas A. Hyde, in "The True Basis for the Science of 
Mind." 



28 PHRENOLOGY 

bility of determining character with a considerable 
amount of certainty, and often with marvelous 
exactness. Surely this was a scientific mode of 
procedure, and the only sound method of ascer- 
taining the relations that exist betiveen the de- 
velopment of the brain and the mental faculties 
and powers. ... To reject such determina- 
tions without full examination of the evidence in 
support of them, without applying any of the 
careful tests which the early phrenologists ap- 
plied, and on the mere vague allegations of in- 
sufficient observation or unscientific method, is 
itself truly unscientific." 

His Prediction 
In concluding his very interesting consideration 
of the whole subject, Professor Wallace asserts that 
in the present century Phrenology will surely attain 
general acceptance. It will, he says, prove itself 
to be the true science of the mind ; and its persist- 
ent neglect and obloquy during the last sixty years 
will then be referred to as an example of the al- 
most incredible narrowness and prejudice which 
prevailed among men of science at the very time 
they were making such splendid advances in other 
fields of thought and discovery. 



CHAPTEE II 
BRAIN AND SKULL 

House of the Braln- 

The size, form, and development of the brain 
are shown by the skull, the outer surface of which 
gives with sufficient accuracy an idea of the sur- 
face of the brain itself. In other words, the brain 
forms the skull in its own likeness and completely 
fills it from the opening of the eyes to the back of 
the neck, even as the soft mass of an egg fills the 
shell. The skull is simply the house the brain 
lives in ; but it is made to protect it and not to 
confine it. 

In an unborn child the brain is formed before 
the skull that covers it, and the whole is so made 
that during youth and early manhood it readily 
accommodates itself to the growing mental organs 
within. 

Boiste is Liviisro Matter 

In spite of its apparent hardness all bone is liv- 
ing matter, receiving nourishment and building 
materials from the blood, just as the muscles do. 

29 



3° 



PHRENOLOGY 



When the brain needs more room in one particular 
part — because that part is excited or exercised 
more than other parts — the bone wears thinner 
there, its material being dissolved and carried into 
the general circulation ; while new bony matter is 
formed on the outside a little further on, thus 
causing the skull to increase in size at such points. 
When the activity of the mind — which works not 
through the brain as a whole, but through various 
portions or organs in it — is the same in all parts of 
the brain, the growth of the skull is regular over 
its entire surface. 

Skull in Old Age 
In old age, where the brain remains active, the 
skull sometimes becomes very thin, because the 
bone-making elements in the blood are only suffi- 
cient to form the bone slowly, and some of the 
substance of the skull is taken up to keep the 
working bones of the human frame in proper con- 
dition. Where the brain is not active, and shrinks 
from lack of use, just as a muscle grows weak and 
flabby from want of exercise, while yet there is 
enough bone-making material in the food, the skull 
thickens to fill the space caused by the dwindling 
brain. 



PHRENOLOGY 31 

Now Phrenology teaches that known differ- 
ences of character correspond to certain differ- 
ences in the size, shape, and general condition of 
the skull. 

Form Shows Character 
For example, men who have become famous as 
thinkers and reasoners have large heads and high, 
broad foreheads. Men with little or no reasoning 
power have small flat heads with slanting fore- 
heads. The skulls of men in whom the animal in- 
stincts prevail are largely developed at the back, 
while those who are very religious or moral have a 
large top-head. So also the exercise of any faculty 
or talent leaves its sign upon the skull, which can be 
read by the expert phrenologist almost as plainly 
as the sign of a shopkeeper above his door. Thus 
the true nature of the man under examination is 
revealed to him. 

Phrenology istot Bumpology 
The popular idea that Phrenology is bumpology 
— that is, that it is based on bumps and hollow 
places in the human head — is a mistaken one. If 
that were all there is to Phrenology, the phrenol- 
ogist would fail when confronted by a man with a 



32 PHRENOLOGY 

head as smooth as a billiard ball. Yet such persons 
often prove to be most excellent subjects for 
phrenological study. The skull of the average 
man does not look like the waves of the sea, the 
crest showing power and the trough weakness. 

Measurements 
Measurements from the opening of the ear, be- 




Fig. 2. 



hind which is located the centre of the brain, to 
the surface of the head in various direction, really 
tell the story. (See Fig. 2.) Two heads may be 



PHRENOLOGY 33 

found of the same length from the forehead to the 
back-head ; but one will be two inches wider above 
and about the ears than the other. They may 
also be of the same height from the ear upward, 
the cliff erence showing in the growth of the side- 
head — the head in one case being broad and in the 
other narrow. 

Variations ix Form 
One head may have a forehead that sticks out 
in the lower part, but slants upward and back- 
ward ; another Inay show a moderate development 
across the brows and a heavy upper forehead, 
forming what is often called a beetling forehead. 
Another is narrow at the temples, but wide and 
massive below. One head may be heavy just 
above the ears and taper both ways, front and 
rear ; another seems wide in the upper back region 
and high and narrow in front. One is straight 
up and down at the back, while a second stands 
out in a long, graceful curve. Still another is 
high at the crown ; one is well rounded in the 
middle and top-head, w^hile some are flat in that 
region. In others there seems to be a kind of 
hollow at the top — that is, it is less than flat 
there. 



34 PHRENOLOGY 

Knowing the mental faculties which are situated 
behind these different places, the phrenologist is 
able to judge of their development merely by the 
form of the head alone. 

Eacial Differences 

The skulls of races and peoples differ widely in 
form and size. The average member of the white 
race has a high and bulging forehead and crown 
and a moderately developed back-head, as com- 
pared with other races. The skull of the North 
American Indian, on the contrary, is noticeable for 
its roundness ; it has great breadth immediately 
above the ears and a rather high crown. The 
forehead, although broad in its lower part, is not 
high, and runs backward toward the top-head. If 
a slanting line were drawn from just under the 
tip of the nose to the middle of the crown, a good 
portion of the forehead in the white race would 
be found outside or overlapping the line, while 
most of the forehead of the Indian or the unedu- 
cated Negro would appear inside. 

The skull, or cranium, of the Negro is usually 
long and narrow from front to back, presenting a 
striking difference when compared with that of 
his white brother. 



PHRENOLOGY 35 

Likewise there are marked differences in the 
skulls of the various nations, each having its own 
special type. 

Male and Female Skulls 
The heads of men and women differ in shape 
almost as much as do their bodily forms. The 
cranium of a man rises higher from the opening 
of the ear to the top of the back-head, and is 
more largely developed in its lower back part 
than is the skull of his sister. In her case the 
bones are less heavy and strong ; they are 
smoother and more delicate. The head is also 
not so thick at its base, nor so high at the top of 
the upper back-head. The crown, however, is 
usually more rounded. These differences, as will 
be shown later when we come to take up the 
location of the various organs, correspond to the 
natural habits and duties of the two sexes. 



CHAPTER III 
THE BASIS OF PHRENOLOGY 

Impobtance of Obsekvation 
The first thing necessary to establish a science 
of character is observation. So widely do men 
differ from each other in character and mental 
ability that it is impossible to build up a science 
like Phrenology by reflection alone. When the 
seat of an organ and its function are known, we can 
infer the presence of either in the absence of the 
other, as observation has taught us they are re- 
lated. For example, largely developed lungs in 
an animal, other things, such as health, being 
equal, show great breathing power ; so also when 
the stomach is present we may confidently assert 
that the powers of digestion will be manifested. 
Should both of these organs be absent, we can de- 
clare that breathing and digestion, at least accord- 
ing to ordinary processes, will not be manifest. 

In like manner, the phrenologist, having found 
in the brain the physical seat of the various 

36 



PHRENOLOGY 37 

powers of the human mind, is able to set forth the 
functions of each. 

Phrenology and Animals 
Thus, if it has been ascertained that the disposi- 
tion to fight or defend oneself is connected with a 
physical organ for its manifestation, then the pres- 
ence of that organ indicates that the instinct of 
defense will form an element in the character of 
those possessing that organ. In those animals 
which are aggressive in the assertion of their 
rights, as, for instance, the cock, Phrenology has 
shown that the organ corresponding to Combative- 
ness in the human brain is largely developed ; 
while in those animals which are of a timid nature 
and have little disposition to resist attack, as in 
the case of sheep, it is deficient. So also the 
beaver, which is noted for its building ability, has 
a large organ of Constructiveness. The squirrel, 
which in a wild state spends most of its days in 
laj^ing up food for the winter, has a large organ of 
Acquisitiveness. On the other hand, many ani- 
mals that do not construct houses or make pro- 
vision for the future, have a weak development of 
these organs. 

Once the seat of a faculty has been found by 



38 PHRENOLOGY 

observation, as when Dr. Gall observed that large 
eyes invariably indicated a talent for language, 
many opportunities are open for watching its 
manifestations, for these can be readily .noted 
from time to time, and their degrees of power 
and activity measured. The existence of an organ 
which long continued notice has shown to be in- 
variably largely developed in persons showing a 
certain pronounced tendency, thus implies the ex- 
istence of that tendency. 

It is of course understood that the relations 
between the various faculties and the different 
folds of the brain had always existed, but up to 
the time of Dr. Gall, they had never been deter- 
mined. That has been the case with many great 
discoveries, the truth of which the world now 
acknowledges. 

The revolution of the planets had doubtless 
continued since they were created ; the laws which 
regulate the planetary systems have ever operated 
as at present ; and the blood in the human body 
has circulated in the same way since man was 
made. Yet it was not until Copernicus, Newton, 
and Harvey, respectively, first revealed the great 
laws of the universe and of their own being that 
men knew the mystery of their operation. 



PHRENOLOGY 39 

So Avith Phrenology. Upon the development, 
shape and quality of the brain the mind has always 
relied. Yet no man could understand, much less 
explain this, until Dr. Gall and his colaborers 
became the instruments to discover and present 
this important truth. 

Mind a Collection of Faculties 
It has been denied by some that the mind acts 
through a combination of faculties seated in dif- 
ferent portions of the brain; but as every one 
knows, the mind is made up of many separate 
faculties or powers as shown by its varied opera- 
tions. It is natural to infer, therefore, that the 
brain has a corresponding separate organ for each 
faculty. That such is the case is proved by evi- 
dence which cannot be lightly set aside or suc- 
cessfully disputed. 

This is strictly in accordance with the law oper- 
ating in all other parts of the human system — 
throughout all nature, in fact. As the eye and 
the ear have separate duties, and can never per- 
form the duties of each other, so the different 
folds of the brain have their separate duties to 
which each is limited. Thus, one fold is the organ 
of Benevolence, another the organ of Firmness. 



40 PHRENOLOGY 

If the mind were a single faculty or unit, then 
the man who could do one thing well, could do 
anything else equally well, which we know is not 
so. One man can write good poetry, but is per- 
haps unable to sing well. Another is a good 
mechanic, but a poor reasoner ; a third reasons 
well, but cannot excel in figures. 

Mental Power Depends on Brain 
Development 
When we learn that there are as many organs 
of the brain as faculties of the mind, we see that 
some of these organs may be large, while others 
are small. If, therefore, one organ or set of 
organs is well developed, then the faculties which 
depend upon it are active and strong. If Time and 
Tune be large, there will be the power to sing ; 
or if Constructiveness, Imitation, Size, Weight, 
etc., be large, the person maybe a good mechanic, 
but a poor scholar or a bad reasoner. 

Organs Determined by Comparison 
Phrenology does not pretend that the functions 
of the various windings of the brain can be ascer- 
tained by anatomy or physiology. It would be 
as difficult to decide this matter by inspection, as 



PHRENOLOGY 41 

to decide upon the use of any particular nerve 
when separated from the human system. The 
nerves of emotion and sensation, though similar 
in appearance, perform very different offices. It 
is the same with those bundles of nerves which 
make up the folds of the brain. The only way to 
decide upon the office of any part of the brain is 
by observing a similar trait of character in vari- 
ous persons, and then finding wherein the heads 
of these persons are alike. 

Peoofs 
In this way, and in this way alone, Dr. Gall 
was enabled to find the different organs. The 
accuracy with which he mapped out their seats in 
the human brain is shown by the effects which 
injuries upon the skull have produced. In one 
case where a part of the skull was broken so as to 
press upon the brain, the organ which was pressed 
lost its power, but on removing the cause this 
power returned. When, at another time, the skull 
was removed over the organ of Firmness, pressure 
upon that part of the brain destroyed the balance 
of mind. In another case the organs of Language 
and Individuality were exposed, with the result 
that when the finger was placed upon them the 



42 PHRENOLOGY 

patient could not call by name her most intimate 
friends. But on removing the finger her memory 
returned. 

Phreno-Magjntetism 

Hypnotism also furnishes striking evidence of 
the truth of Phrenology, as will be seen by the 
following quotation from an article by Dr. George 
F. Laidlaw in a recent number of the " Metropoli- 
tan Magazine." 

" There is one curious phenomenon in hypno- 
tism," writes Dr. Laidlaw, " which I have never 
been able to explain satisfactorily, and which 
seems to be ignored by the modern hypnotist. 
It was first studied by Braid. It is called phreno- 
magnetism and has been advanced by the 
phrenologists in proof of the correctness of their 
localization of the mental faculties on the 
head. So far as I know it has never received seri- 
ous consideration from scientists, perhaps because 
based on two theories that modern science has not 
yet accepted ; first, that there is such a thing as 
animal magnetism and, secondly, that the phre- 
nologists have correctly located the faculties of the 
human head. However this may be, phreno-mag- 
netism is a phenomenon which can be tested read- 



PHRENOLOGY 43 

Hj by any one interested. The technic of phreno- 
magnetism is this : AVhen the subject is in the hyp- 
notic sleep, the operator, standing behind him, 
places the tips of his fingers upon the subject's 
head and waits. Soon the subject will begin to 
act or sing or speak. Any one acquainted with 
the phrenological system of localization will recog- 
nize at once that the actions or words of the sub- 
ject correspond to the ' organ ' on the head which 
has been touched by the operator. Thus, if you 
touch Combativeness the subject is very apt to 
square off and strike some one or speak of war or 
a drum. If you touch Veneration, he is very apt 
to lift his eyes and pray. I have heard a very 
eloquent sermon thus inspired in a subject who 
was gifted with a ready tongue. Touch the organ 
of Color and he will speak of beautiful colors. 
Touch Tune and he will sing or whistle. Touch 
Caution and his face will express vivid fear. I re- 
member that one subject startled me by shouting, 
' Look out ! ' and making a leap that he could 
scarcely have equaled in his waking state. When 
I touched the faculty of Caution, he thought he saw 
a snake." 



CHAPTER IV 

DEFINITION OF THE ORGANS 

Dr. Gall succeeded in locating twenty-six of 
the organs of the brain, and others were discovered 
by Spurzheim, Combe, Caldwell, the Fowlers and 
other noted phrenologists. Each succeeding in- 
vestigator availed himself of all that had been 
proved true and useful, and added thereto his own 
observations and experience. The usually ac- 
cepted number is now forty-two, defined as fol- 
lows : 

1. Amativeness. Love between the sexes — 

Desire to marry. 

2. Conjugality. Matrimony — Love of one — 

Union for life. 

3. Philoprogenitiveness. Parental love — Re- 

gard for offsprings — Fondness for pets. 

4. Adhesiveness. Friendship — Sociability — 

Love of society. 

5. Inlutbitiveness. Love of home and coun- 

try. 

6. Continuity, or Concentrativeness. One 

thing at a time — Consecutiveness. 
U 



PHRENOLOGY 45 

7. Vitativeness. Love and tenacity of life — 

Dread of Annihilation. 

8. Combativeness. Resistance — Defense — 

Courage — Opposition. 

9. Destructiveness. Inclination to destroy — 

Force — Anger — Severity. 

10. Alimentiveness. Appetite — Hunger — 

Love of food, drink, etc. 

11. Acquisitiveness. Love of wealth and pos- 

sessions — Frugality — Economy. 

12. Secretiveness. Disposition to conceal ; to 

work in secret ; to disguise one's feel- 
ings — Reserve — Discretion. 

13. Cctutiousness. Prudence — Watchfulness — 

Care. 

14. Approbativeness. Love of praise — Desire 

to please — Desire for popular applause 
or fame — Ambition. 

15. Self-esteem. Self-respect — Independence — 

Self-confidence — Dignity — Pride. 

16. Firmness. Decision of character — Perse- 

verance — Stability — Strength of will. 

1 7. Conscientiousness. Love of right — Sense of 

justice — Integrity — Conscience. 

18. Hope. Optimism — Pleasant anticipation — 

Enterprise. 

19. Spirituality. Faith — Intuition — Belief in 

God. 



46 PHRENOLOGY 

20. Veneration. Reverence for sacred things 

— Devotion — Respect for superiors in 
rank and power. 

21 . Benevolence. Kindness — Goodness — Sym- 

pathy — Compassion — Generosity. 

22. Constructiveness. Talent for making, con- 

triving and building— Mechanical inge- 
nuity. 

23. Ideality. Refinement — Love of beauty — 

Taste — Purity. 

24. Sublimity. Delight in grand thoughts or 

scenes — Love of grandeur. 

25. Imitation. Ability to copy, describe, to 

follow models, to imitate. 

26. Mirthfulness. Sense of humor — Natural 

wit — Love of fun — Perception of the ab- 
surd. 

27. Individuality. Power of observation — 

Desire to see and examine. 

28. Form. Recollection of shape — Memory of 

persons and faces. 

29. Size. Ability to measure by the eye and 

give judgment of the distance, height, 
weight, dimensions, etc. 

30. Weight. Judgment of the resistance of 

bodies — Firmness on the feet in balanc- 
ing and climbing, etc. — Perception of 
the law of Gravity. 



PHRENOLOGY 47 

31. Color. Love of and ability to judge colors 

and distinguish their different shades. 

32. Order. Love of system — Method — Neat- 

ness — Arrangement. 

33. Numbers ^ or Calculation. Talent for num- 

bers and mental arithmetic. 

34. Locality. Eecollection of roads, places, 

and scenery. Memory of the relative 
position of bodies — Liking for Geography. 

35. Eventuality. Memory of facts and circum- 

stances. 

36. Time. Ability to measure the duration 

and succession of time — Punctuality. 

37. Time. Sense of harmony and melody — 

Love of music — Ability to learn and re- 
member tunes. 

38. Language. Memory of words or arbitrary 

signs — Ready expression of ideas. 

39. Causality. Disposition to search out the 

cause of every effect — Love of investiga- 
tion — Originality. 

40. Comparison. Ability to acquire and judge 

of the quality of different things — Abil- 
ity to analyze and illustrate. 

41. Human Nature. Perception of character 

and motives. 

42. Agreeahleness. Pleasantness — Amiability 

— Persuasiveness. 



48 PHRENOLOGY 

THE GKOUPING OF THE OBGANS 

That perfect adaptation of means to an end, 
which marks all the works of God, is beautifully 
illustrated by the arrangement of the various 
organs of the brain in groups. As in the body, as 
a whole, the seat of every mental power in man is 
just that which best fits it for its special duty, and 
grouped around it, for its support and active co- 
operation, are those organs which come into close 
relationship with it. 

Lobes of the Bkain 

As a whole, the brain is divided, to the right 
and left, into halves, or hemispheres, by a mem- 
brane called the falciform, which, hanging down 
from the arch of the skull, runs from the middle 
line of the forehead to the back part of the head. 
On each side of the dividing line between these 
halves, the same organ occurs. All the organs 
are therefore double, in the same manner as are 
the eyes, the ears, etc. When, therefore, the term 
" organ " is used in this book it should be under- 
stood that both organs are meant. 

Each hemisphere is divided into three parts or 
lobes ; the front, or forehead ; the rear lobe, or 
back-head ; and the middle lobe between the 



PHRENOLOGY 49 

other two. The front lobe has its outlook, as it 
were, 011 the outer world, enabling us to obtain 
knowledge of men and things ; to compare and 
arrange facts : and to invent and make what we 
need for the practical use of our knowledge. 

Seat of Moral Powers 

The upper part of the middle lobe, called the 
coronal region, because it lies under the crown of 
the head, is the seat of the moral powers, occupy- 
ing the highest place, as they are meant to serve 
the highest ends and aims of man. 

Seat of Animal Instincts 

The lower part of this lobe, and the whole of 
that in the back-head, is devoted to the propensi- 
ties, or those powers which, arising from natural 
impulses, simply produce desires or inclinations to 
bring about certain actions and no more. They 
give force and efficiency in all activities ; adapt 
us to our fellows ; and lead us to take care 
of ourselves. These have to do with natural 
things, and are closely related to the physical 
system ; they are appropriately placed nearest the 
body, with which their connection is intimate 



50 PHRENOLOGY 

through the spinal marrow and its branching 
nerves. 

The Three Classes 

It will thus be seen that the first division of the 
mental faculties and the organs of the brain 
through which they operate is into three grand 
classes : 

1. The Propensities (or natural impulses). 

2. The Thinking or Intellectual Faculties. 

3. The Moral or Spiritual Sentiments. 




Fig. 3. The Three Eegions 
A — The spiritual region 
B — The thinking faculties 
C— The propensities 

The way in which these are arranged, each in 
its special region of the brain, is shown in Fig- 
ure 3. 



PHRENOLOGY 51 

The grand classes or orders of organs and facul- 
ties may each be divided into smaller groups, the 
members of which bear a still closer relation to 
each other than to members of other sub-groups. 
These are shown in Figure 4. 

1. The Propensities 
The region of propensities is divided into the 



Fig. 4. The Oegans Geouped 

1 — Moral sentiments 

2 — Semi-intellectual sentiments 

3 — Reason 

4 — Perceptive organs 

5 — Selfish sentiments 

6 — Selfish instincts or propensities 

7 — Social instincts or propensities 

social and selfish groups. The social group in- 
cludes those propensities which connect us with 



52 PHRENOLOGY 

home and country and prompt us to love friends, 
relations, the members of the family circle, and 
congenial companions. Large Philoprogenitive- 
ness (or Parental Love) will lead a mother and 
father to love and care for their children. Large 
Conjugal Love, or Conjugality, will make the hus- 
band and wife desire the companionship of each 
other more than that of any one else. Other 
organs in this group are Amativeness, Adhesive- 
ness, and Inhabitiveness. 

The office of the selfish group, on the contrary, 
is that of self-preservation. Such organs as Com- 
bativeness, Destructiveness, Alimentiveness, Vita- 
tiveness, Acquisitiveness, and Secretiveness fall 
naturally in this class, although some of these are 
necessary to economy and prudence. 



2. The Thinking, oe Intellectual, 
Faculties 

These comprise such organs as Individuality, 
Form, Size, Weight, Color, Order, Time, Tune, 
Eventuality, Calculation, Locality, Causality, and 
Comparison. According to the growth and activ- 
ity of one or more of the intellectual faculties 
men show a bent toward certain professions. 



PHRENOLOGY 53 

Constructiveness, Ideality, Human Nature, Imi- 
tation, Mirthfulness, and Agreeableness form what 
is called the Semi-Intellectual Group. This class 
of organs is largely developed in the orator,«the 
artist, the sculptor, the skilled mechanic, the poet, 
and the author, and gives the desire for self -im- 
provement and a love for the beautiful in art and 
nature. It is elevating and refining in its in- 
fluence, and acts in combination with the strictly 
religious group, to which it is closely related. 

But it should be borne in mind that more than 
one class of organs is necessary to form these 
types. Thus, while the orator needs Sublimity, 
Ideality, Imitation, and Wit, which also belong to 
this group, he also requires faculties belonging to 
the other groups described, else his development 
is too one-sided to make him completely success- 
ful. 

3. Moeal or Spiritual Sentiments 

The third division of the faculties, the religious 
group, has the highest office of all, and is made up 
of such organs as Conscientiousness, Hope, Venera- 
tion, and Benevolence. The devout Christian, the 
religious enthusiast, the adoring worshiper, the 
troublesome heresy hunter, and the Spiritualists, 



54 PHRENOLOGY 

have their place in this division. Moralists, 
clergymen, and philanthropists also depend upon 
one or more of the organs found in this group for 
their marked traits of character. 



CHAPTER V 
PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS 

Befoee beginning the more detailed descrip- 
tion of the various organs of the human brain, 
their special duties, and the influence which they 
exercise on character at different stages of develop- 
ment, we shall, in this chapter, give practical 
directions for their proper measurement, in order 
that the student may commence at once to put the 
knowledge which he gradually acquires into prac^ 
tical use. 

The size of an organ is estimated by its length 
and breadth. Its length is measured by its dis- 
tance from the medulla oblongata, or top of the 
spinal marrow, to the surface of the head. 

A line drawn through the head, from the open- 
ing of one ear to that of the other, would, in the 
middle, pass close to, but a little in front of, the 
medulla ; hence the length is measured from the 
line of the ear to the outside line of the skull. 

An organ may be likened to a cone, turned up- 
55 



56 PHRENOLOGY 

side down, like the letter V, with its point in the 
medulla, and its base at the surface of the brain. 
The broader the base and the longer the distance 
between it and the point, the greater will be the 
size, or the quantity of matter which it will con- 
tain. It is not, however, to be understood that the 
organs may be seen lying like so many cones. 
This is merely a convenient illustration of the way 
in which their size is estimated. 

Nor are the organs separated by divisions in the 
brain corresponding to the lines shown in the il- 
lustrations ; but each one, when large, gives to the 
skull a look like that pictured, so that the forms 
are not merely imaginary. The brain being soft, 
when the skull is opened the forms which the 
organs kept in life relax or change. The folds, 
however, differ enough in their size, appearance, 
and the direction in which they lie, to enable a 
good observer, acquainted with the subject, to tell 
an organ of propensity or sentiment from an organ 
of intellect. 

The difference in growth between a large and a 
small organ, in those of the propensities and some 
of the sentiments, amounts to an inch and up- 
ward, and to a quarter of an inch in the organs of 
intellect. 



PHRENOLOGY 57 

The First Principle 
A healthy brain at a vigorous period of life is 
the proper subject for study. But as the first 
principle of the science is that the power or energy 
of mental operations bears a uniform relation, 
other conditions being equal, to the size of the 
organs, we must be careful not to confuse this 
quality of mind with that of simple action in the 
faculties. Size in the organ is an indication of 
power, and not at all of activity. 

An Illustration 
To make clear this difference between power or 
energy, and activity, we may take as an illustra- 
tion those actors who are noted for their solemn 
slowness of manner, both in movement and de- 
livery, and yet who are splendidly gifted with 
power. By quiet methods they capture the 
sympathies and understanding of the audience at 
once, and sway it to laughter or tears as they will. 
This is a display of power. Many performers, on 
the other hand, are remarkable for quickness of 
action and elocution, who nevertheless are felt to 
be feeble and ineffective in arousing an audience 
to emotion. Activity is thus their distinguishing 
characteristic, with an absence of power. At the 



58 PHRENOLOGY 

bar, in the pulpit, and in the Senate, the same dis- 
tinction prevails. 

Size a Measure of Power 
Upon the principle stated, that size is a 
measure of power, brains may be expected to 
vary in their general size in proportion to the 
degree of mental energy possessed. Our first 
object, therefore, ought to be to find out the 
size of the brain generally, in order to judge 
whether it be large enough to admit of the 
exhibition of ordinary vigor ; if it be too small, 
weak-mindedness or idiocy is an invariable conse- 
quence. 

To Determine Kind of Power 
The second object should be to learn the 
relative proportions of the different parts, in 
order to determine the direction in which the 
power is greatest. If there is a greater quantity 
of brain behind the ear than in front, and if the 
base of the head is larger than the upper part, 
it may be inferred that the lower faculties, or 
animal propensities, rule the person under exami- 
nation. 

If, measuring from the opening of the ear to 



PHRENOLOGY 59 

the top of the head, the height be large, then 
the moral faculties must be well developed. If 
the space from the ear to the eyebrows be long, 
the seeing, or knowing faculties it. e., from the 
power they possess of collecting knowledge and 
of taking note of the existence and qualities of 
outside objects), are large. If the space from 
the ear not only to the eyebrows, but to the 
upper portion of the forehead, is large, and the 
forehead broad, in this case the faculties having 
to do with reflection, or the power to think and 
reason, will be found in great force and perfec- 
tion. 

The breadth of an organ is shown by its en- 
largement at the surface of the head. Hence 
if the line from the ear to the forehead (behind 
which are situated the organs of intellect) is 
much longer than from the ear backward, the 
intellect rules. On the other hand, if the fore- 
head is very narrow, and the hind-head very 
broad, the animal organs, or propensities, are 
stronger. 

The older phrenologists often used calipers to 
find the general size of the head, but not to 
indicate the dimensions of particular organs, for 
which purpose they are not adapted. Combe, 



60 PHRENOLOGY 

in his treatise on Phrenology, gives the following 
measurements as the average size of twenty 
heads of men between twenty-five and fifty years 
of age, selected at random from many more 
measurements in his possession. 

Average Size of Heads 

From Philoprogenitiveness (marked 3 in Fig- 
ure 5 \ and corresponding to the swelling of the 
back part of the head) to Individuality (marked 
27, and located in the middle of the lower part 
of the forehead)— in other words, from the most 
prominent part of the front to the most pro- 
jecting part of the back-head — seven and four- 
eighths inches. 

From the opening of the ear to the swelling 
of the back-head — four and three-eighths inches. 

From the opening of the ear to Individuality — 
. rather more than four and seven-eighths inches. 

From the opening of the ear to Firmness (No. 
16, Fig. 5) at the top of the head — rather more 
than five and seven-eighths inches. 

From Destructiveness to Destructiveness (No. 
9, Fig. 5) — in other words, the central breadth 

1 For these plates see Chap. VI, pages 80, 81, 82. 



PHRENOLOGY 61 

of the head — rather less than five and seven- 
eighths inches, 

From Cautiousness to Cautiousness (No. 13, 
Fig. 5) — giving the breadth of the hind-head, 
rather less than five and six-eighths inches. 

From Ideality to Ideality (No. 23, Fig. 7) — 
giving the breadth of the forehead — rather more 
than five and one-eighth inches. 

These measurements were taken in length 
(from the back to the front of the head, from 
the ear to the front, and from the ear to the 
back) ; in height (from the ear to the top of the 
head) ; in breadth (on the forehead, at the centre 
of the head, and at the hind-head). They show 
the size of the head in these directions, but they 
are not given as indications of the dimensions of 
any of the phrenological organs. 

It may be noted, in passing, that the average 
of these twenty heads is higher than is usually 
the case, because there were several large heads 
among them and none small. 

After becoming familiar with the general size 
and form of heads, and learning to judge the 
proportions which the general mass of the several 
groups of organs bear to each other, the student 
may proceed to look for the individual organs, 



62 PHRENOLOGY 

and in studying these, the real dimensions, and 
not the mere prominence of each organ, should 
be sought. 

Qualifications Necessary for Phrenology 
Practice, with at least an average endowment 
of the organs of Form, Size, and Locality, is 
necessary to qualify a person to make observa- 
tions with success. Individuals w^hose heads are 
very narrow between the eyes, and little de- 
veloped at the top of the nose, where these organs 
are placed, find difficulty in making out the 
situations and little differences in the proportions 
of the several organs. 

If one organ is of large growth and the 
neighboring organ very small, the larger organ 
shows an elevation ; but if the neighboring organs 
be developed in proportion, the surface is appar- 
ently smooth and no hump can be perceived. 
The student should learn from books, plates, and 
casts, and, if possible, personal instruction, to make 
out the form of each organ and its appearance 
when developed in different proportions to the 
others. The phrenological bust or picture shows 
only the places of the organs and their proportions 
in one head ; and it is impossible for it to show 



PHRENOLOGY 63 

more. The different appearances in all the 
varieties of relative size must be discovered by in- 
specting a number of heads ; and especially by 
contrasting instances of extreme development with 
others of extreme deficiency. Xo adequate idea 
of the foundation of the science can be formed un- 
til this is done. In cases of extreme size of single 
organs, the form shown on a phrenological bust is 
seen distinctly. 

To Prove Its Truth 
To prove Phrenology to be true, says Combe, 
we do not, in general, compare an organ in one 
head with the same organ in another ; because it 
is the prominence of particular organs in the same 
head that gives the ruling power to single facul- 
ties in the individual ; therefore in proving Phre- 
nology we usually compare organs of the same 
head. But in learning to observe, it is useful to 
contrast the same organ in different heads, in order 
to become familiar with its appearance in differ- 
ent sizes and combinations. 

Value of Comparison 
With this in view, it is proper to begin with the 



64 PHRENOLOGY 

larger organs ; and two persons of opposite dispo- 
sition in the special points to be compared ought 
to be placed side by side and their heads observed. 
Thus, if we take the organ of Cautiousness (see 13 
in Fig. 6) we should examine its growth in those 
whom we know to be remarkable for timidity, 
doubt, and hesitation ; and we should contrast its 
appearance with that which it presents in individ- 
uals remarkable for boldness, and into whose 
minds doubts and fears rarely enter. Or the 
organ of Philoprogenitiveness in a person who is 
passionately fond of children may be compared 
with the same organ in another who regards them 
as a great nuisance. No error is more to be 
avoided than beginning with observation of the 
smaller organs and examining these without a con- 
trast. 

The Shaping Influence or Sex 
In deciding upon the size of the organs, the dif- 
ference between the sexes should be borne in mind, 
as the heads of men and women are found to cor- 
respond to the different walks of life in which 
men and women are best adapted to move. 

Man, possessing by nature a larger frame, with 
a temperament and body adapted to bear the bur- 



PHRENOLOGY 65 

dens of life, has also a form of head which 
plainly shows his sphere of action. In his head 
we find the organs which give energy and phys- 
ical power larger than in woman, particularly De- 
structiveness, Combativeness, Imitativeness, Self- 
Esteem, and Firmness. His intellectual organs 
are larger, hence the greater width of his fore- 
head ; his head is much broader,, but not so 
long, higher in the region of Firmness and Self- 
Esteem, but not so full in the moral and social 
organs. 

In the average woman's head, on the other 
hand, we find larger Benevolence, Reverence (or 
Veneration), Conscientiousness, Inhabitiveness, 
Approbativeness, Adhesiveness, and Philoprogeni- 
tiveness. These give the fulness in the crown 
and back part of the head, and also the length 
noticeable in the heads of most of the sex. The 
head is long from the forehead back to Philo- 
progenitiveness, but narrower from ear to ear. 

These differences correspond to the differences 
in their character. Man, with his strong intellec- 
tual and physical powers, is fitted to encounter 
the hardships, the dangers, the rude tempests, and 
the severe struggles through which he usually 
must pass in his encounters with the world. He 



66 PHRENOLOGY 

needs sternness, courage, perseverance, self-con- 
fidence, and those qualities which fit him for a 
protector and shield for his more delicate com- 
panion. 

But woman's influence arises from a different 
combination of organs. Her reign is the reign of 
love. She conquers by mildness, where man 
fails by force. She is at home in the social circle, 
where man is often ill at ease. She is the ex- 
ample and defender of morality and virtue, and 
wins by her gentle eloquence and charm where 
the sterner nature of man sometimes fails to con- 
vince. Her strong Adhesiveness and Philopro- 
genitiveness, her Hope, Spirituality, and Ideality, 
qualify her for the hard duties of the wife, the 
mother, the nurse, and the confiding friend. 

Combinations or Size 
Every person has all the mental organs, but 
they are combined in different degrees of relative 
size in various individuals ; and the operations of 
each are modified in some degree by the influence 
of those with which it is combined. 

Three rules may be laid down for estimating 
the effects of differences in relative size, occurring 
in the organs of the same brain. 



PHRENOLOGY 67 

KULE 1 

Every facility desires gratification with a de- 
gree of energy proportionate to the size of its or- 
gan. 

The individual will habitually indulge the fac- 
ulties for which he has the largest organs. 

If all the animal organs are large, and all the 
organs of the moral sentiments and intellect small, 
the individual will be naturally prone to animal 
indulgence in the highest degree, and disposed to 
seek satisfaction in the most direct way, and in 
the lowest pursuits. 

If, on the other hand, the organs of the moral 
sentiments and intellect are larger than the rest, 
the individual will be naturally prone to moral 
and intellectual pursuits ; such persons are " a law 
unto themselves." 

Eule 2 

Where large animal organs are combined with 
intellectual and moral organs, the animal organs 
will take their direction from the higher powers. 

As there are three distinct kinds of faculties, 
Animal, Moral, and Intellectual, it may happen 
that several large animal organs are combined in 
the same individual with several moral and intel- 



68 PHRENOLOGY 

lectual organs highly developed. The lower pro- 
pensities will then take their direction from the 
higher powers ; and such a course of action will 
be constantly followed as will be calculated to 
gratify these faculties whose organs are large. 

If the organs of Acquisitiveness and Conscien- 
tiousness are both large, stealing might gratify 
Acquisitiveness, but it would off end Conscientious- 
ness. Accordingly, the individual would endeavor 
to gratify both by acquiring property by lawful 
industry. 

If, in an individual, Amativeness is very large, 
and Philoprogenitiveness, Adhesiveness, and Con- 
scientiousness deficient, he will be prone to the 
most direct satisfaction of the animal appetite ; 
if Conjugality is large, he will perceive that mar- 
riage affords the only means of pleasing the whole 
group of faculties. 

If Benevolence, Self-Esteem, aLnd Acquisitive- 
ness are all large, giving charity may gratify the 
first ; but unless the person is very rich, the act 
of parting with property may be disagreeable to 
the last two faculties ; he would therefore prefer 
to gratify Benevolence by personal kindness ; he 
would sacrifice time, trouble, influence, and advice 
to the welfare of others, but not personal posses- 



PHRENOLOGY 69 

sions. If Benevolence were small, with the same 
combination, he would give neither money nor 
personal service. 

The intellectual faculties will naturally tend to 
such employments as will satisfy the ruling pro- 
pensities and sentiments. If the organs which 
give a genius for painting are combined with large 
Acquisitiveness, the individual would paint to be- 
come rich ; if combined with small Acquisitive- 
ness, and large Approbativeness, he would probably 
labor for fame, — and starve while attaining it. 



Ktjle 3 

When all the organs appear in nearly equal pro- 
portions to each other, the individual, if left to 
himself will exhibit opposite phases of character, 
according as the animal propensities or moral 
sentiments ride for the time. 

That is, he will pass his life in alternate sin- 
ning and repenting. If outside influence is brought 
to bear upon him, his conduct will be greatly 
modified by it ; if placed, for example, under 
severe discipline and moral restraint, these will 
cast the balance, for the time, in favor of the 
higher sentiments ; if exposed to the influence of 



7 o PHRENOLOGY 

evil associates, the animal propensities will prob- 
ably obtain triumphant sway. 

Combinations in Activity 
Where several organs are large in the same in- 
dividual, they have a natural tendency to combine 
in activity, and to prompt him to a line of conduct 
designed to gratify them all. When, however, 
all or the greater number of the organs exist 
in nearly equal proportions, important practical 
effects may be produced, by establishing combina- 
tions in activity among particular organs, or 
groups of organs. 

For example, if Individuality, Causality, Com- 
parison, and Language are all large, they will natu- 
rally tend to act together, and the result of their 
combined activity will be a natural talent for public 
speaking or literary composition. If Language be 
small, it will be extremely hard to establish such 
a combination in activity, and the natural talent 
will be small. 

But suppose we take two persons, in both of 
whom this group of organs is of an average size, 
and train one to a mechanical employment, and 
the other to the bar. In the latter, the reflecting 
organs and that of Language will be trained to 



PHRENOLOGY 71 

act together, and the result will be an acquired 
ability in writing and debate ; whereas, in the 
former individual, in consequence of the organ 
of Language not being accustomed to act in com- 
bination with those of intellect, this facility would 
be utterly wanting. 



Effects of Education 

It is by virtue of this principle that education 
produces its most important effects. If, for in- 
stance, we take two persons, in each of whom all 
the organs are developed in an average degree — 
and if one of them has been educated among per- 
sons of sordid and mercenary disposition — Acquis- 
itiveness and Self -Esteem would then be cultivated 
in him into a high degree of activity ; and self- 
interest and personal enrichment would be viewed 
as the great objects of life. If Approbativeness 
were trained to act with these faculties, it would 
desire distinction in wealth or power ; if Venera- 
tion were trained to act in concert with them, it 
would take the direction of admiring the rich 
and the great ; and, Conscientiousness not being 
greatly vigorous, would only suggest that such 
pursuits were unworthy, without possessing the 



72 PHRENOLOGY 

power, by itself, of overcoming or controlling the 
whole combination against it. 

If another person possessing the same develop- 
ment were trained in a moral and religious en- 
vironment, where benevolence and justice toward 
men, and veneration toward God, were represented 
as the leading objects of human existence, the 
organ of Approbativeness, acting with this combi- 
nation, would desire esteem for honorable and 
virtuous actions ; and Acquisitiveness would be 
viewed as the means of satisfying these higher 
powers, but not as itself an object of the greatest 
importance. The practical conduct of the two in- 
dividuals might thus be very different in conse- 
quence of this difference of training. 

This principle is not inconsistent with the in- 
fluence of size ; because it is only in individuals 
in whom the organs are nearly equal in point of 
size, that such great effects can be produced by 
combinations in activity. In these cases the phre- 
nologist, in estimating the effects of size, always 
inquires about the education bestowed. 

Self-Improvement as a Modifying Cause 
Even where certain organs, or groups of organs, 
as, for example, the propensities, show more than 



PHRENOLOGY 73 

average development, their influence may be modi- 
fied by right training or efforts at self -improve- 
ment. Thousands of instances might be cited 
where long continued exercise has caused organs 
deficient in size and power to grow, even after the 
person had arrived at the age of thirty years. 



Examples 

Spurzheim mentions the case of an English 
gentleman who, to test the truth of this state- 
ment, had a cast of his head taken, and then 
directed his close attention to some new pursuit. 
Each year for five years thereafter he had similar 
casts taken and, on comparing them at the end of 
that period, the first and last casts were found to 
differ so much that it was hard to believe they 
were taken from the same individual. 

Another gentleman was told by a phrenologist 
at the age of twenty-four that his organ of Even- 
tuality was so small as to show a depression, which 
accounted for his inability to remember facts, cir- 
cumstances, anecdotes, incidents, etc. For four 
years he applied himself earnestly to the study of 
history, when it was found that the organ indi- 
cated had so developed as to fill up the hollow 



74 PHRENOLOGY 

and increase the measurement around the head in 
that region. 

Exercise gives power, and increases the size of 
any organ. By the same law which increases the 
muscles of the blacksmith's arm, makes our right 
arm stronger and larger than our left, that organ 
of the brain which we exercise most will grow 
most and be most powerful. 

HOW TO FllSTD THE ORGANS 

It is comparatively easy to determine the loca- 
tions of the perceptive organs and most of the 
others lying at the base of the brain by means of 
our diagrams and descriptions. The eyes, the 
eyebrows, or the little point on the skull just 
above the nape of the neck, called the occipital 
protuberance, furnish a convenient point of de- 
parture from which each may be reached with 
little chance for error. To find the exact situa- 
tion of those lying farther from these fixed points, 
the beginner will require more practice, patient 
study and comparison. 

Destructiveness 
Drawing a line straight backward from the 
opening of the ear, you first cross Destructiveness 



PHRENOLOGY 75 

(see Fig. 1, Frontispiece) which lies above and 
partly behind the ear. When large, there will 
be great width of brain between the ears, and a 
swelling out of the organ just above the opening 
of the ear, say the size of one-half of a common 
peach-stone. When small, the head will be nar- 
row between the ears with no swelling at the 
point indicated. 

Secretiveness — Sublimity and Conscien- 
tiousness — Firmness 

Next above this, and three-quarters of an inch 
from the top of the ear, lies the fore part of Secre- 
tiveness. Extending the line upward you pass 
over Sublimity and Conscientiousness, and at the 
top of the head strike the fore part of Firmness, 
which, when large, gives fulness to the crown. 
Taking this as another fixed point, the other 
organs on the middle line and each side of it can 
be readily found. 

Concentrativeness 

Between Self-Esteem and Inhabitiveness, on 
this central line, is Concentrativeness which, being 
generally small in American heads, is usually 



76 PHRENOLOGY 

marked by a depression at that point, and is thus 
easy to find. 

Cautiousness— Ideality and Mirthfulness 

Cautiousness, which is another important point 
to fix correctly in the mind, may be found by 
drawing a perpendicular line upward from the 
back part of the ear, and just where the head 
begins to round off to form the top you will come 
upon that organ. It often causes quite a prom- 
inence there. Forward of Cautiousness, and in 
line with it, are Sublimity, Ideality, and Mirthful- 
ness. 

Veneration — Hope and Spirituality 

Veneration is situated between Firmness and 
Benevolence in the centre of the top-head. When 
this middle part rounds out and rises above the 
parts immediately before and behind it, Veneration 
is larger than Firmness and Benevolence. Below 
Veneration are the two organs of Hope and Spirit- 
uality. 

Acquisitiveness and Constructiveness 
Above Alimentiveness (just in front of the 
upper part of the ear) and the fore part of Destruc- 



PHRENOLOGY 77 

tiveness, is Acquisitiveness, and forward of that 
organ, Constructiveness has its place. 

Paeental Love — Amativejstess 
To find Parental Love (or Philoprogenitiveness), 
draw a line backward from the outer angle of the 
eye to the centre of the back-head. An inch or a 
little less below this point is a hump called the 
occipital protuberance, which denotes by its degree 
of development the power of endurance and 
activity of the muscular system. On each side of 
this, and just below, Amativeness is located, giving 
breadth and thickness to the neck below and 
between the ears. 

With these points fixed in mind, the student 
will be able to carry out for himself the plan 
indicated for finding the other organs, but he 
must bear in mind that there are slight modifica- 
tions in their position on each head ; and he should 
therefore learn to distinguish the form and appear- 
ance of each by itself and as compared with the 
other organs in the same locality. 

At first the student is often unable to perceive 
differences which, after a few months, become clear 
to him. It is related of Dr. Gall that he once 
received a box of skulls from the physician of the 



78 PHRENOLOGY 

House of Correction, at Graetz, in Styria. In 
unpacking them he was so struck with the extreme 
breadth of one of them in the fore part of the 
temples that he exclaimed, " My God, what a 
thievish skull ! " Yet the physician himself had 
been unable to discover the seat of the organ of 
Acquisitiveness in that skull. His letter to Dr. 
Gall, sent with the box, and hitherto unopened, 
was found to contain this information : " The skull 

marked is that of N , an incorrigible 

thief." That was the identical skull which had 
drawn forth Dr. Gall's exclamation before he read 
the letter. 



CHAPTEE VI 

THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS 

We will now take up a description of the vari- 
ous organs in the order of the list of definitions. The 
terms which may be used to denote the gradations 
of size in the different organs in a decreasing ratio 
are : Very Large, Large, Full, Moderate, Small 
and Very Small. It should be kept in mind that 
these terms indicate only the relative proportion of 
the organs to each other in the same head ; and not 
their absolute size, or their size in reference to any 
standard head. 

THE PKOPENSITIES 
(Social Group) 

1. Amativei^ess 

Physical Love or Propensity for the Opposite Sex 

The organ of Amativeness is situated at the 

base of the back-head, in the cerebellum (little 

brain), as shown at 1, Fig. 5. It may be found by 

feeling on the middle line toward the base of the 

79 



80 PHRENOLOGY 

skull at the back part of the head until a small 
bony projection, called the occipital process, isdis- 




Fig. 5. Organs of the Back Head 

covered. Below this point and between two sim- 
ilar projections (the mastoid processes) behind the 



PHRENOLOGY 



81 



bottom of the ears, lies the organ in question. In 
other words, it is located directly over the nape of 
the neck and fills up the space between the ears be- 
hind. It gives thickness to the neck between the 




Fig. 6. Organs of the Side Head 

ears when it is large, and spareness when small. 
(See Figs. 8 and 9.) When large (Fig. 8) it ren- 



82 



PHRENOLOGY 



ders its possessor alive to the charms of the other 
sex, polite, affable, and free in their company, suc- 




Fig. 7. Organs of the Front Head 



PHRENOLOGY 83 

cessf ul in gaining their confidence, and courageous 
in their defense. Very large gives a power and 
activity of sexual passion almost uncontrollable. 
Full, much love and tenderness for the opposite 
sex ; yet, with activity great, excitability rather 




Fig. 8. Amattveness, Large 

than power. Average, love for the other sex and 
enjoyment in their society. Moderate, lack of 
sexual love, attentions to opposite sex, etc. Small 
(Fig. 9), little sex attraction or desire to marry. 
Very small, little or no liking for the opposite sex. 
In women it is usually less in proportion to the 
size of the brain than in men generally. 



84 PHRENOLOGY 

2. Conjugality 

Desire for a Permanent Union with the Opposite Sex — 
The Pairing Instinct 

Situated in the lower part of the back-head, just 
above Amativeness. Its position is shown by 
Fig. 10, also 2 in Fig. 5. Though this is closely 




Fig. 9. Amativeness, Small 

related to Amativeness, it is a distinct faculty, and 
each may be exercised independently of the 
other. Thus a rake may be ruled by Amativeness, 
and yet have no desire to become allied lawfully 
to one woman. Very large, selects some one of 
the opposite sex as the sole object of love ; longs 
always to be with that one ; is true and faithful in 



PHRENOLOGY 85 

wedlock, if mated in spirit ; concentrates the whole 
soul on the beloved one, magnifying excellences 
and overlooking faults. Large, seeks but one sex- 
ual mate, and feels perfectly satisfied in the society 
of that one. Full, can love greatly, yet is capable 
of changing the object. Average, is disposed to 




Fig. 10. Conjugality 

love only one for life ; yet with Secretiveness and- 
Approbativeness large, and Conscientiousness only 
full, is capable of coquetry. Moderate, is some- 
what disposed to love only one, yet allows stronger 
faculties to influence that love. Small, has but 
little conjugal love, and seeks the promiscuous so- 
ciety and affection of the opposite sex, rather than 
a single partner for life. Very small, shows no 
desire for marriage. 



86 PHRENOLOGY 

3. Philoprogenitiveness 

Love of Offspring, Attachment to Children, Pets, or any 

Object of Care and Attention 

Situated above the middle part of the cerebel- 
lum (see 3 in Fig. 5), and about an inch above the 
occipital process, this organ is one of the easiest to 




Fig. 11. Philoprogenitiveness, Large 

locate in the human head. When large it pro- 
jects like a portion of an ostrich egg. Those who 
are flat and perpendicular in that region, instead 
of being delighted are annoyed by children. It is 
usually smaller in men than in women, though 
sometimes found larger ; men so organized delight 
to nurse and care for children. Very large, de- 
notes a passionate fondness for children ; idolizes 
his own children ; is liable to overindulge them. 



PHRENOLOGY 87 

Large, (Fig. 11), feels strong parental love ; is de- 
votedly attached and very kind to his own, if not 
to all children. Full, is tender, but not overin- 
dulgent ; fond of own children, yet cares little for 
others. Average, loves own children, yet not 
fondly ; dislikes those of others. Moderate, loves 




^-^/ 



Fig. 12. Philopkogenitiveness, Small 

own children mildly, but bears little from them. 
Small, (Fig. 12), feels little interest in even his own 
children. Very small, has no parental love ; dis- 
likes all children. This organ when well devel- 
oped gives a softness of manner in treating the 
feeble and delicate, even in advanced life ; and 
persons in whom this organ is large in combination 
with full Benevolence, are better fitted for the 
purpose of the sick-room than those in whom it is 
small. 



88 PHRENOLOGY 

4. Adhesiveness 

Friendship, Attachments in General, the Bond of 
Brotherhood, the Foundation of Social Intercourse 

Located on each side of the head, above Philo- 
progenitiveness (Fig. 5). Very large, loves friends 
with great tenderness and strength of feeling; 
will sacrifice almost anything upon the law of 
friendship. Large, is eminently social ; an ardent, 
sincere friend ; forms strong if not hasty attach- 
ments. Full, is highly social, yet not remarkably 
warm-hearted. Average, is quite friendly, yet will 
not sacrifice much for friends. Moderate, loves 
friends some, but self more. Small, is unsocial, 
cold hearted ; likes and is liked by few. Very 
small, is a stranger to friendly, social feeling. 
This organ is generally larger in females than in 
males ; hence the strength and durability of their 
love: it becomes an essential part of woman's 
nature. 

5. LOTABITIVENESS 

Love of Home and Country ; Attachment to Particidar 
Localities ; Desire to Dwell upon the Same Spot 

Located immediately above Philoprogenitive- 
ness (see 5 in Fig. 5), in the middle line of the 
back-head (Fig. 13). Very large, regards home as 



PHRENOLOGY 



89 



the dearest, sweetest spot on earth ; feels home- 
sick when away ; is eminently patriotic ; thinks of 
his native place with intense interest. Large, soon 



4 — *§> 




Fig, 13. Inhabitiveness, Large 

becomes strongly attached to the place in which 
he lives ; loves home and country dearly ; leaves 




Fig. 13a. Inhabitiveness, Small 

both reluctantly ; is unhappy without a home of 
his own. Full, loves home well, yet does not 



go PHRENOLOGY 

grieve much on leaving it. Average, forms some, 
though not strong, local attachments. Moderate, 
has some, yet not great, regard for home as such. 
Small (Fig. 13a), or very small, makes any place 
home. 

6. Continuity 

Ability to Fix the Attention for a Length of Time upon 
any Object; Concentration of Mental Action 

Located above Inhabitiveness and Adhesiveness, 
and below Self-Esteem. When large, it gives a 
general fulness to that region ; and, when moder- 
ate or small, a marked depression is perceptible. 
(See 6 in Fig. 5.) 

Very large, places his mind upon subjects slowly ; 
cannot leave them unfinished, cannot attend to 
more than one thing at a time ; is very tedious ; 
has great application, yet lacks intensity and 
point. Large, is able and inclined to apply his 
mind to one, and only one, subject for the time 
being, until it is finished ; changes his mental 
operations with difficulty. Full, is disposed to at- 
tend to only one thing at a time, yet can turn 
rapidly from thing to thing. Average, possesses 
this power to some, though to no great extent. 
Moderate, loves and indulges variety and change 



PHRENOLOGY 



91 



of thoughts, feeling, occupation, etc. ; rather lacks 
application ; has intensity, but not unity of mental 
action. Small, craves novelty and variety ; has 
little application ; thinks and feels intensely, but 
not long on anything ; jumps rapidly from premise 
to conclusion ; fails to connect and carry out his 
ideas. Very small, is . satisfied only with con- 
stant change. 

{Selfish Group) 

7. VlTATIVENESS 

Love of Life ; Desire to Live, Even Under the Most 
Unfavorable Circumstances 

Believed to be located beneath and back of the 




h v 



Fig. 14. Vitativeness 
(Location shown by the star) 



mastoid processes, behind the ear and forward of 



92 PHRENOLOGY 

Amativeness ; but there is more uncertainty about 
its situation than that of most other organs. (See 
7 in Fig. 6 and Fig. 14.) 

Very large, however wretched, shrinks from and 
shudders at the thought of death ; feels that he 




Fig. 15. Combativeness, Large 

cannot give up existence. Large, loves and clings 
tenaciously to existence for its own sake ; craves 
immortality and dreads annihilation, even though 
miserable. Full, desires life, but not eagerly, from 
love of it and of pleasure. Average, is attached 
to life and fears death, yet not a great deal. 
Moderate, loves life, but is not very anxious about 



PHRENOLOGY 93 

living. Small, or very small, heeds neither life 
nor death, existence nor annihilation. 



8. COMBATIVENESS 

Propensity to Oppose ; Feeling of Resistance ; Bold- 
ness ; the Source of Courage 

Located about an inch and a half behind the top 
of the ear. (See 8 in Fig. 6.) To find it on the 




Fig. 16. Combativeness, Small 

living head, draw a line from the outer angle of 
the eye to the top of the ear, thence straight back- 
ward for an inch and a half to an inch and three- 
quarters, and you will be over the place of the or- 



94 PHRENOLOGY 

gan. When large it gives great breadth to the 
head at that point (as shown in Fig. 15). 

Very large, is powerful in opposition, prone to 
dispute and attack ; contrary ; has a violent 
temper, governs it with difficulty. Large, is 
resolute and courageous, spirited and efficient as 
an opponent ; loves debate. Full, seldom either 
courts or shrinks from opposition ; when aroused 
is quite energetic ; may be quick tempered, yet 
is not quarrelsome. Average, is usually mild, but 
when driven to it, defends his rights boldly. 
Moderate, avoids collision ; is peace-loving and 
rather inefficient. Small, (Fig. 16), has feeble 
resistance, temper, and force ; is cowardly. Very 
small, withstands nothing ; is chicken-hearted ; a 
thorough coward. 

9. Desteuctiveness 
Organ of Passion, Force, Severity, and Sternness 
This organ is situated on both sides of the 
head, immediately over the external opening of 
the ear, extending a little forward and backward 
from it, and rising a trifle above the top or upper 
flap of the ear. (Figs. 17 and 18 show the form 
given to the skull when large and small.) Under 



PHRENOLOGY 95 

the control of the higher sentiments and intellect, 
this faculty has a legitimate sphere of exercise. 

Very large, when provoked is vindictive, cruel, 
disposed to hurt, take revenge, etc. ; bitter and im- 
placable as an enemy ; very forcible and disposed 
to subdue or destroy the cause of his displeasure. 
Full, can, but is loath to, cause or witness pain 



£H> 




Fig. 17. Destructiveness, Large 

or death ; has sufficient severity, yet requires 
considerable to call it out. Average, has none 
too much force and indignation. Moderate, is 
mild, not severe enough ; when angry lacks power. 
Small, would hardly hurt any one if he could, 
or could if he would ; his anger is so feeble that 
it is derided more than feared. Very small, is 
unable to cause, witness, or endure pain or death. 



96 PHRENOLOGY 

10. Alimeisttivekess 

The Desire or Appetite for Food and Drink 

Located immediately in front of the upper part 

of the ear (10, in Fig. 6). To find it, take the 

upward and forward junction of the ear with the 

head as the starting point and draw a line half 



©-$► 




Fig. 18. Destructiveness, Small 

an inch forward toward the eye, inclining a little 
downward, and you will be upon it. 

Very large, sets too much store upon the in- 
dulgence of the palate ; eats with keenest enjoy- 
ment. Large, has an excellent appetite, and a 
hearty relish for food and drink ; is a good liver, 
not dainty. Full, has a good appetite, yet can 
govern it ; is not greedy. Average, enjoys food 
well, but not very well ; hence is particular as 



PHRENOLOGY 97 

to what he eats. Moderate, has not a good nor 
very poor, but rather poor, appetite. Small or 
very small, is dainty, particularly about food ; 
eats with little relish. 

11. Acquisitiveness 

Propensity to Acquire Wealth; Love of Property, 
Without Begard to the End or Uses to which it 
may be Applied 

Situated on the side of the head, next above 
Alimentiveness (11, in Fig. 6). To find, take the 
middle of the top of the ear as a starting point 
and move the finger directly upward an inch, and 
then horizontally forward the same distance, and 
it will rest directly over the organ. 

Very large, is miserly, makes money his idol ; 
is tempted to get it dishonestly ; is sordid in his 
ideas and covetous. Large, has a strong desire 
to acquire property ; is saving, close and particular 
in his dealings, devoted to money-making, trad- 
ing, etc. , and usually gets the value of his money. 
Full, values property, both for what it is and 
what it procures, yet is not penurious ; is indus- 
trious and saving, yet supplies his needs. Average, 
loves money, but not greatly ; can make it, but 
spends freely. Moderate, finds it more difficult 



98 PHRENOLOGY 

to keep than to make money ; desires it more to 
supply wants than to hoard ; is hardly saving 
enough. Small, will spend money freely, often 
unwisely ; lays up little ; disregards the prices of 
things. Very small, cannot be taught the value 
of money. 

12. Secretivekess 

Tendency to Conceal ; to Work in Secret ; Prudence in 
the Management of Private Affairs 

Situated immediately above Destructiveness, 
about an inch above the top of the ears (12, 



.*-► jf *c^ ^> V«, 




Fig. 19. Secretiveness, Large 

in Fig. 6). When this organ and Destructiveness 
are both highly developed, there is a general ful- 
ness of the lower and middle portions of the side- 
head (as shown in the outline, Fig. 19). 



PHRENOLOGY 



99 



Very large, seldom appears what he is, or says 
what he means ; often deceives : is mysterious, 
cunning, artful, given to double-dealing. Large, 
seldom tells his plans, opinions, etc. ; is reserved 
and non-committal. Full, can keep to himself 
what he wishes to, yet is not cunning. Average, 
is not artful nor very frank ; is generally open, 




*-<6PT 



Fig. 20. Skcretiveness, Small 

but can conceal. Moderate, is quite candid and 
open-hearted ; loves truth ; dislikes concealment, 
underhand measures, etc. ; seldom employs them. 
Small (Fig. 20), speaks out just what he thinks ; 
acts as he feels ; does not wish to learn or tell the 
secrets of others, yet freely tells his own ; is too 
plain spoken and candid. Very small, his thoughts 
and actions are thoroughly transparent. 



CHAPTER VII 

THE MORAL SENTIMENTS 

(Selfish Group) 

13. Cautiousness 

Sense of Fear, Apprehension of Danger, Anxiety about 
Consequences, Care, Solicitude 

Situated above Combativeness and Secretive- 
ness. (See 13, in Fig. 6.) To find, take the back 
part of the ear as the starting point and draw a 




Fig. 21. Cautiousness, Large 
100 



PHRENOLOGY 101 

perpendicular line upward, and where the head 
begins to round off to form the top is the location 
of the organ. When large, the head is very broad 
at that point, while a deficiency gives quite an- 
other shape to the skull (as shown by Figs. 21 
and 22). 



^ 




Fig. 22. Cautiousness, Small 

Very large, hesitates too much ; suffers greatly 
from groundless fears ; is timid and easily fright- 
ened. Large, is always watchful, on the lookout, 
careful and anxious. Full, has prudence and fore- 
thought, yet not too much. Average, has some 
caution, yet hardly enough for success. Moderate, 



io2 PHRENOLOGY 

is rather imprudent, hence unlucky ; liable to mis- 
fortune caused by carelessness. Small, acts im- 
pulsively ; disregards consequences ; fears noth- 
ing ; is imprudent and often in " hot water." Very 
small, is without fear and forethought. 

14. Approbativeness 

Desire of Public Applause, Distinction or Fame ; Love 
of Praise and Anxiety to Please 

Approbativeness is located on the upper and 
back part of the top side-head, between Cautious- 
ness and Self-Esteem, at the point marked 14 in 
Figure 5. When large it produces a remarkable 
fulness and breadth in the upper and back part of 
the head. 

Very large, regards his character and honor as 
the apple of his eye ; is often morbidly sensitive 
to praise and censure ; very fond of show, fashion, 
praise, style, etc. ; extremely polite and ceremoni- 
ous. Large, sets great store by honor and char- 
acter ; is keenly alive to the praise, the frowns 
and smiles of public opinion ; tries to show off 
to good advantage ; is affable, ambitious, apt to 
praise himself. Full, desires and seeks popularity 
and feels censure, yet will neither deny nor trouble 
himself much to avoid either. Average enjoys 



PHRENOLOGY 103 

approbation, yet will not sacrifice much to obtain 
it. Moderate, feels reproach some, yet is little 
affected by popularity or unpopularity ; may ap- 
preciate the applause that comes to him, yet will 
do little to obtain it. Small, cares little for pop- 




Fig. 23. Self-Esteem, Large 

ular frowns or favors; feels little shame; disre- 
gards and despises fashion, etiquette, etc. ; is not 
polite. Very small, cares nothing for the opinion 
of the world. 

15. SELF-ESTEEM 

Pride of Character and Self- Respect ; Confidence in 
One's Own Powers 

The organ of Self -Esteem is situated at the back 



104 PHRENOLOGY 

part of the top-head, where the crown begins to 
decline toward the back-head. (See 15, Figs. 5 
and 6.) When it is large, the head rises far up- 
ward and backward from the ear. (See Figs. 23 
and 24.) 




Fig. 24. Self-Esteem, Small 

Very large, has unbounded self-confidence ; en- 
dures no restraint ; takes no advice : is rather 
haughty and imperious. Large, is high-minded 
and independent, self-confident, dignified, his own 
master; aspires to be and do something worthy 
of himself ; assumes responsibility ; does few petty 
things. Full, has much self-respect, pride of char- 
acter, and independence. Average, respects him- 
self, yet is not haughty. Moderate, has some self- 



PHRENOLOGY 105 

respect and manly feeling, yet too little to give 
ease, dignity, and weight of character ; is too 
trifling. Small, (Fig. 24), says and does trifling 
things ; associates with inferiors ; is not looked up 
to ; lacks independence. Very small, is servile, 
low-minded, destitute of self-respect. 

16. Firmness 

Decision of Character, Perseverance, and Strength 
of Will ,. 

Located near top of head, next higher than 
Self-Esteem and between that organ and Venera- 
tion. (See 16, in Figs. 5 and 6.). 




Fig. 25. Firmness, Large 

Very large, is wilful and tenacious of opinion ; 
seldom gives up anything. Large, (Fig. 25), may 



io6 PHRENOLOGY 

be fully relied on ; is set in his own way ; hard 
to be convinced or changed at all. Full, has 
perseverance enough for ordinary occasions, yet 
too little for great enterprises ; is neither fickle 
nor stubborn. Average, has some decision, yet too 
little for general success. Moderate, gives in too 
soon ; changes too often and too easily ; thus fails 




Fig. 26. Firmness, Small 

to accomplish what greater firmness would effect. 
Small, (Fig. 26) or very small, lacks perseverance ; 
is too changeable to be relied upon. 

(Religious Group) 

17. Conscientiousness 

Sense of Right and Wrong ; Conscience — the Moral 
Principle 

Located on each side of Firmness, about three 



PHRENOLOGY 107 

inches above the opening of the ear, and about 
one and one-half inches from the middle line of 
the head. (See 17, in Fig. 6, also 23 and 24 in 
Fig. 6.) Very large is scrupulously exact in mat- 




Fig. 27. Conscientiousness, Large, with 
Firmness, Small, gives this shape of skull 

ters of right and perfectly honest in motive ; 
always condemning self and repenting ; makes 
duty everything, expediency nothing. Large, (Fig. 
27), is honest, faithful, upright at heart ; moral in 
feeling ; loves, and means to speak, the truth ; 
cannot tolerate wrong. Full, strives to do right, 



io8 



PHRENOLOGY 



yet sometimes yields to temptation ; resists be- 
setting sins, but may be overcome, and then feels 
remorse. Average, has right intentions, but their 
influence is limited. Moderate, has considerable 
regard for duty in feeling, but less in practice ; 




Fig. 28. Conscientiousness, Small 



sometimes lets interest get the better of duty. 
Small, (Fig. 28), has few conscientious scruples, 
little regard for moral principle, justice, and duty. 
Very small, does not feel the claims either of 
justice or of duty. 



PHRENOLOGY 109 

18. Hope 

Ardent Expectations ; Fond Anticipations ; Tendency to 
Look upon the Bright Side ; Optimism 

Located forward of Conscientiousness, on each 
side of Firmness and Veneration. (See 18, in 
Fig. 6.) 

Very large, has unbounded hope ; builds castles 
in the air. Large, expects, attempts, and promises 
a great deal ; is usually sanguine and cheerful ; 
though disappointed, hopes on still ; always views 
the brightest side of prospects. Full, is quite 
sanguine, yet realizes about what he expects. 
Average, has some, but reasonable, hopes ; is 
seldom elated. Moderate, expects and attempts 
but little ; succeeds beyond his hopes ; usually 
looks on the darker side of things. Small, is low- 
spirited ; easily discouraged, fears the worst ; 
magnifies evils ; lacks enterprise. Very small, 
expects nothing good ; is pessimistic ; has no hope 
of the future. 

19. Spirituality 

Internal Consciousness of Immortality and Faith in a 
Spiritual Existence 

Situated immediately above Ideality. (See 19, 
in Fig. 6.) 



no PHRENOLOGY 

Very large, is very superstitious ; regards most 
things with wonder. Large, believes and delights 
in the supernatural, in dreams, ghosts, etc. ; thinks 
many natural things to be supernatural. Full, 
is open to conviction ; rather credulous ; believes 
in divine Providence and premonitions. Average, 
believes some, but not much, in wonders, fore- 




Fig. 23. Veneration, Large 

warnings, etc. Moderate, believes but little that 
cannot be accounted for, yet is open to conviction ; 
is incredulous, but listens to evidence. Small, is 
convinced only with difficulty ; believes nothing 
without evidence ; is prone to reject new things 
without examination. Very small, believes little 
else than the evidence of the senses. 



PHRENOLOGY in 

20. Veneration 

Respect for Religion and Sacred Things, and for 
Superiors 

Situated in the middle of the top-head, between 
Benevolence and Firmness. 

Very large, is eminent for piety, sincere devo- 
tion, religious fervor, and love of divine things. 
Large, (Fig. 29), loves to adore and worship God, 
especially through his works ; treats equals with 




Fig. 30. Veneration, Small 

respect, superiors with deference. Full, is capable 
of large religious fervor and devotion, yet is not 
habitually serious ; generally treats his fellow men 



112 PHRENOLOGY 

civilly. Average, may feel inclined for religious 
worship, yet have little respect for men. Moderate, 
disregards religious creeds and forms of worship ; 
is not serious or respectful. Small, (Fig. 30), has 
little feeling of worship, reverence, and respect. 
Very small, seldom if ever worships and adores 
God, and has no regard for superiors. 



21. Benevolence 

Generosity, Mercy, Good-will, Sympathy, Compassion, 
Kindness, and Desire to Make Others Sappy 

Situated in the middle of the fore part of the 
top-head, or summit of the forehead. When large 
it gives great elevation to this part. (See 21, in 
Figs. 6 and 7.) 

Very large, dpes all the good in his power, and 
will sacrifice himself to help others. Large, is 
kind, obliging and helpful, mild and charitably 
inclined. Full, has a fair share of sympathy, com- 
passion and charity. Average, sympathizes in some 
degree with the sufferings of others, yet is not in- 
clined to put himself out much for the unfortunate 
unless he receives some return. Small, feels little 
kindness toward others, and is inclined to disre- 
gard their sufferings. Very small, indifferent to 



PHRENOLOGY 113 




Fig. 31. The Rev. Lyman Abbott, D. D., LL. D. 



ii4 PHRENOLOGY 

the welfare of others, hard-hearted, and destitute 
of charity and common humanity. 

The portrait of the Kev. Lyman Abbott (Fig. 31) 
shows a strong development of the moral and 
intellectual qualities (Fig. 31). Note the height 
of the front part of the top-head, showing large 
Benevolence. Conscientiousness, Veneration and 
Spirituality are also large. The head rises high 
above the opening of the ear, and is also lofty 
above the eye. Large Comparison, as shown by 
the rounded appearance of the middle part of the 
upper forehead, gives him the power to see the 
important points of a subject almost at once, 
while his large thinking faculties enable him to 
weave those points into effective argument. 
Large Constructiveness, forward of the top of 
the ears, between them and the corner of the eye 
(as shown in the right side of the portrait) enables 
him to put his thoughts into practical and easily 
understood forms, while Mirthfulness, Hope, and 
Causality seem to be well developed. These 
characteristics correspond with the known char- 
acter of the man, whose influence among the 
intellectual classes of the American church has 
been very marked. Therefore, the portrait fur- 
nishes strong evidence that the principles of Phre- 



PHRENOLOGY 115 

nology are founded on laws as sound and correct 
as those of any science, and are not matters of 
mere guesswork. 

{Semi- Intellectual Group) 

22. CONSTRUCTIVENESS 

Talent for Making, Contriving, Building, Planning 
and Inventing 

■ Located forward of the top of the ears, between 

them and the corners of the eyes, immediately 

behind the temples. (See 22, in Figs. 6 and 7.) 

It is covered with a considerable mass of flesh or 

muscle, for which due allowance should be made 

in estimating its size. 

Very large, is a mechanic or inventor of the 

first order. Large, shows great natural dexterity 

in using tools, executing mechanical operations, 

and working machinery. Full, has fair mechanical 

ingenuity, yet no great natural talent or desire to 

make things ; will do well with practice ; without 

it, little. Average, has some jet not great relish 

for and ability in using tools. Moderate, with 

large practice may use tools quite well, yet dislikes 

mechanical operations ; owes more to training 

than to nature. Small, hates tools and is awkward 

and bungling in using them. Very small, has no 

mechanical skill or desire. 



u6 PHRENOLOGY 

23. Ideality 

Imagination, Taste, Refinement, and Love of the Fine 
Arts; Appreciation of Poetry and Oratory ■ 

Situated directly above Acquisitiveness and 
Constructiveness. (See 23, in Figs. 6 and 7.) 

Very large, often gives rein to a vivid im- 
agination ; delights in fancy, and experiences 
rapture of feeling and enthusiasm. Lai % ge, has a> 
lively imagination, great love of poetry, eloquence, 
good style in fiction, the beauties of art and nature. 
Full, has refinement of feeling and expression 
without sickly delicacy ; some love of poetry, yet 
not a vivid imagination. Average, has some taste, 
though not enough to influence him much. 
Moderate, has some, but not much, imagination; 
is rather plain in expression, manners, and feeling ; 
cares little or nothing for poetry or finery of aiiy 
kind. Small or very small, lacks taste, niceness 
refinement, and delicacy of feeling. 

24. Sublimity 

Delight in Sublime Thoughts and Scenes, and Love of 
Grandeur Generally 

Situated on the side-head directly above Acquis- 
itiveness and behind Ideality. (See 24, in Fig. 6.) 
Many phrenologists do not recognize it as a dis- 



PHRENOLOGY 117 

tinct organ, but believe its supposed functions to 
be fully covered by Ideality. After giving the 
subject much attention, however, the Messrs. 
Fowler were well satisfied that it should take 
rank among separate organs. 

Very large, has a passionate admiration of the 
wild and romantic, and feels sublime emotions 
while contemplating the grand or awful in nature. 
Large, admires and enjoys beautiful scenery, 
hence is fond of traveling. Full, enjoys magnifi- 
cent scenes well, yet not remarkably so. Average, 
sometimes yet not always experiences this feeling. 
Moderate, has some though not vivid emotions of 
this kind. Small or very small, discovers little 
to awaken this feeling. 



25. Imitation 

The Power of Imitating and Describing Anything 
Seen or Heard 

Situated on the side of the top-head, between 
Ideality and Benevolence. (See 25, in Figs. 6 and 
7.) When it is large, and Benevolence only moder- 
ate, the fore part of the top-head is nearly level ; 
with Imitation and Benevolence both large, the 
outline at that point is curved (as shown in Fig. 



n8 PHRENOLOGY 

32). When Benevolence is large and Imitation 

small, the form is like that presented in Fig. 33. 

Very large, has a pronounced theatrical taste 

and talent ; can impersonate any one or imitate. 




Fig. 32. Imitation and Benevolence, Both Large 

describe, or relate almost anything heard or seen. 
Large, is easily able to imitate the tones and 
gestures of others. Full or Average, will seldom 




Fig. 33. Imitation, Small ; Benevolence, Large 
succeed remarkably well in mimicry, but will be 
able, with perseverance, to perform what others do 
with considerable success. Moderate, will seldom 
attempt to imitate ; cannot relate with much effect 



PHRENOLOGY 119 

what he hears. Small or very small, has little 
or no ability in this line ; will often spoil a good 
anecdote in the relation, and will succeed better 
in some calling where this faculty is not required. 

26. MlETHFULNESS 

Love of Fun, Wit, Disposition to JoJce, to Look at 
Things in a Humorous or Ludicrous Light 

This organ is situated on the side of the upper 
part of the forehead, between Causality and Ideal- 
ity. When large, it gives breadth to the upper re- 
gion of the forehead. (See 26, in Figs. 6 and 7.) 

Very large, is apt at turning everything into 
ridicule, throws constant sallies of wit ; is too 
facetious and jocose. Large, has a quick, keen 
perception of the ludicrous ; makes a great amount 
of fun, often too much for his own good ; is quick 
at repartee ; smiles often ; laughs heartily at jokes. 
Full, has much mirthful feeling ; makes and relishes 
jokes well. Average, perceives jokes, and relishes 
fun, but is not good at making much. Moderate, 
has some witty ideas, yet lacks quickness at conceiv- 
ing, and tact in expressing them ; is usually quite 
serious. Small, makes little fun ; is slow to perceive, 
still slower to make jokes ; seldom laughs. Very 
small, has few if any witty ideas or conceptions. 



CHAPTEE VIII 

INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES 

{Perceptive Group) 
27. Individuality 

Memory of Particulars, of Individuals, Power of Ob- 
servation, Desire to See and Examine 

The organ of Individuality is situated in the 
centre of the lower part of the forehead, im- 
mediately above the top of the nose (Fig. 34). 
When large, it produces breadth, projection, and 
descent between the eyebrows at that part. When 
small, the eyebrows approach closely to each other, 
and lie in a nearly horizontal line. 

Very large, has an insatiable desire to see 
and know everything ; extraordinary observing 
powers ; is eager to witness every passing event. 
Large, has a great desire to know, investigate, ex- 
amine, and experience ; quick of perception ; sees 
what is transpiring, and what should be done. 

120 



PHRENOLOGY 



121 




Fig. 34. Individuality 
Portrait of Tom L. Johnson, three times Democratic Mayor 
of the Republican city of Cleveland. Note the development 
directly above the top of the nose. 



122 PHRENOLOGY 

Full, has Mr observing powers, and desire to see 
things. Average, has some yet no very great curi- 
osity. Moderate, is rather deficient, yet not notice- 
ably so, in observing power and desire. Small, is 
slow to see things ; attends little to particulars. 
Very small, sees scarcely anything ; regards every- 
thing in the mass. 

28. Form 

Power of Judging of the Shape and Configuration of 

Objects — Memory of Persons and Faces 

Located between the eyes, the size of the 
organ being in proportion to the width between 
them. (See 28 in Figs. 6 and 7.) In those who 
have it large, the eyes are wide apart, and vice 
versa. 

Very large, never forgets the form, countenance, 
etc., of persons and things seen ; has excellent eye- 
sight. Large, notices and for a long time remem- 
bers faces, forms, and appearance of persons and 
animals ; knows by sight many whom he may be 
unable to name. Full, has fair ability at remem- 
bering faces, forms, etc. Average, recalls forms 
and faces well, but not very well. Moderate, 
must see persons several times before he can rec- 
ollect them. Small or very small, has a miser- 



PHRENOLOGY 123 

able memory of persons, looks, shape, etc. ; fails to 
recognize even those he sees often. 

29. Size 

Ability to Judge Magnitude, Distance, Height, Width, 
Dimensions, etc. 

Located in or beneath the brow next to the nose, 
on each side of Individuality. (See 29, in Figs. 
6 and 7.) 

Very large, readily perceives a difference in the 
dimensions of different objects ; judges correctly 
of the weight of things by their size ; cannot en- 
dure inaccuracy. Large, has an excellent eye for 
measuring proportions, size, height, angles, and 
weight. Full, can measure ordinary and familiar 
distances well, yet shows no remarkable natural 
talent for it. Average, measures bulk with fair, 
though no great, accuracy. Moderate, is rather 
deficient in measuring by the eye ; with practice 
may do fairly well in short, but fails in long, dis- 
tances. Small, judges of the relative size, weight, 
and proportions very inaccurately. Very small, 
will be liable to err in the size of every object ; 
will not be able to trust the eye for measuring, 
but must apply the rule ; therefore will fail in 
most mechanical pursuits. 



124 PHRENOLOGY 

30. Weight 

Sense of Resistance, Ability to Support the Centre of 
Gravity, and Judge of the Resistance of Bodies 

This organ lies next to that of Size, on the ridge 
of the eyebrows. When, large, it sometimes de- 
presses the eyebrow at that point. (See 30, in 
Figs. 6 and 7.) 

Very large, has this power to a wonderful ex- 
tent. Large, can walk on high and narrow places ; 
hold a steady hand, throw a stone or ball, and 
shoot straight. Full, keeps his centre of gravity 
well, but ventures little. Average, balances him- 
self fairly well in ordinary cases, yet has no great 
natural talent in this respect. Moderate, main- 
tains his centre of gravity rather poorly. Very 
small, will be liable to stumble or fall when walk- 
ing ; will be dizzy on high places ; will not excel 
as a skater or a marksman. 

31. Color 

Perception of Colors ; Ability to Distinguish the Differ- 
ent Shades and Recall Them 

Occupies the precise centre of each eyebrow, 
(See 31, in Fig. 7.) The ordinary indication of its 
full development is the regular arching of the 
brow ; but sometimes the brow is pushed forward 



PHRENOLOGY 125 

and made very prominent at that point. When 
large, it also gives a peculiar appearance of ful- 
ness to the upper eyelid. 

Very large, extraordinary talent^ for detecting, 
remembering, and mixing colors. Large, has tal- 
ent for comparing, arranging, mixing, applying, 
and recalling colors ; is delighted with paintings. 
Full y with practice, compares and judges colors 
Avell ; without it, does not excel. Average, can dis- 
tinguish and recall colors, yet seldom takes partic- 
ular notice of them. Moderate, aided by practice 
can discern and compare colors, yet owes less to 
nature than to art ; seldom notices colors unless 
obliged to, and then soon forgets them. Small, 
seldom observes the color of one's hair, dress, etc. ; 
cannot describe persons by what they wear, or 
compare colors apart. Very small, can tell white 
from black, but little more. 

32. Order 

System, Ability to Judge of the Fitness and Suitability 
of any Arrangement ; Desire to have a Place for 
Everything, and Everything in its Place 

The organ of this faculty is placed under the 
eyebrow, between Color and Number. (See 32, in 
Figs. 6 and 7.) As it occupies only a small space, 



126 PHRENOLOGY 

there is difficulty in observing it without consider- 
able experience. 

Very large, is very precise and very particular 
to have everything just right ; is worried by disor- 
der. Large, has a place for everything ; is sys- 
tematic ; can even find in the dark what he alone 
uses. Full, likes order ; takes much pains to keep 
things arranged. Average, appreciates order, yet 
not enough to keep it. Moderate, likes, but does 
not keep, order. Small or very small, lacks neat- 
ness, and is inclined to delay ; unreliable in keep- 
ing promises ; is not worried by disorder. 

33. Number 

Ability to Judge of the Relation of Numbers, Power 
to Reckon in the Head, to Excel in Mental Arith- 
metic 
Located on the outside of Order, at the outer 
angle of the brow. (See 33, in Figs. 6 and T.) 
When very large it gives the brow an arched or 
overhanging appearance. 

Very large, has a natural talent for reckoning 
even complicated sums in the head; delights 
in doing so. La/rge, can add, subtract, divide, 
and multiply in the head with facility; de- 
lights and excels in arithmetic. Full, aided by 
rules and practice, may reckon figures well, but not 



PHRENOLOGY 127 

without such aids. Average, by practice and rules, 
may learn figures quite well, but has no great love 
for them. Moderate, does sums in his head rather 
slowly and inaccurately. Small, is dull and incor- 
rect in adding, dividing, etc., and dislikes arithme- 
tic. Very small, can do little more than count 
correctly. 

34. Locality 

Memory of the Relative Position of Objects, of Roads 
and Places ; Fondness for Geography 

Located over the organs of Size and Weight, 
and on each side of Eventuality. (See 34, in 
Fig. 7.) 

Very large, never forgets the appearance, loca- 
tion, or geography of any place he is ever in ; is 
passionately fond of travel and scenery. Large, 
recalls distinctly the looks of places, and seldom 
loses himself even in the dark ; has a strong desire 
to travel and see places. Full, remembers places 
well, yet is liable to lose himself in a city or 
forest. Average, has a fair though not excel- 
lent recollection of places. Moderate, recalls places 
rather poorly ; sometimes gets lost. Small or very 
small, seldom observes where he goes or finds his 
way back without assistance. 



128 PHRENOLOGY 

{Literary Group) 

35. Eventuality 

Power of Re ollecting Facts : Memory of Circumstan- 
ces, Anecdotes, Incidents, Historical Facts, etc. 

Located in the middle of the forehead above 
Individuality, and when large gives to that 
part of the head a rounded fulness. (See 
Fig. 35.) 

Very large, never forgets any occurrence, even 




Fig. 35. Eventuality, Large 
Location at A 

though trifling ; has a constant thirst for information 
and experiment ; commands an astonishing amount 
of ready information. Large, has a clear, retentive 
memory of historical facts, what he has seen, 
heard, and read, even in detail. Full, recalls lead- 
ing events and interesting particulars, and has a 



PHRENOLOGY 129 

good memory of occurrences, yet forgets less im- 
portant details. Average, has only a fair memory 
of occurrences. Moderate, recalls things in the 
mass, but not details ; is rather forgetful. Small, 
has a treacherous, confused memory. Very small, 
forgets almost everything. 



36. Time 

Recognition of the Passing Moments ; Ability to Meas- 
ure Time and Ability to Remember the Length of 
Time Between Given Events 

Located just above the middle of the eyebrow, 
between Eventuality and Tune. 

Very large, remembers with wonderful accu- 
racy the time of occurrences ; is punctual in keep- 
ing appointments ; tells the time of day by in- 
tuition. Large, tells dates, time of day, etc., 
well. Full, recalls, but not precisely, when things 
occur. Average, notices and remembers dates, 
time, etc., some, but not very well. Moderate, is 
rather poor at remembering dates and the lapse 
of time. Small, can seldom remember when 
things occurred ; forgets dates. Very small, is 
liable to forget even his age. 



130 PHRENOLOGY 

37. Tuke 

Sense of Harmony in Music ; Ability to Learn and 
Remember Tunes 

The organ of Tune is situated on the side of 
the forehead just above the outer corner of the 
eyebrow next to Time. (See 37, in Figs. 6 and 7.) 
A great development of the organ enlarges the 
sides of the forehead ; but its appearance varies 
according to the direction and form of the convo- 
lutions. Great practice is necessary to be able to 
observe this organ successfully. Beginners should 
place together a person possessing a genius for 
music and another who can scarcely distinguish 
between any two tunes, and mark the difference 
in development at the point named. The superior 
development of the former will be seen at a glance. 

Very large, learns tunes by hearing them sung 
once or twice ; shows natural skill and spends 
much time in making music ; sings from the heart 
and with melting pathos. Large, easily catches 
tunes ; learns to sing, and to play on instruments by 
ear ; delights in singing ; has a correct musical ear. 
Full, can learn tunes by ear well, yet needs notes 
to play very well. Average, likes music ; with 
practice, may perform tolerably well. Moderate, 
aided by notes and practice may sing and play, 



PHRENOLOGY 



'3 1 




Fig. 36. Time and Tune, Large 
Time is located just above the middle of the eyebrow, while 
Tune has its place just above the outer angle of the brow. Both 
together give the broad appearance to the forehead in the above 
portrait of the late Edward Grieg, rated by a critic as u one of 
the few immortals in music.' ' 



132 PHRENOLOGY 

yet it will in both cases be mechanical ; lacks that 
soul and feeling which reaches the heart. Small, 
learns to sing or play either by ear or by note 
with great difficulty ; sings mechanically and with- 
out emotion or effect. Very small, can hardly tell 
one tune or note from another. (See Fig. 36.) 

38. Language 

Memory of Words or Arbitrary Signs ; Ability to 
Retain the Language of Another 

Located back of the eye, and will be recognized 
by the fulness of that organ, or by the swollen 
appearance above and below the eye. Sometimes 
the eyes not only project, but are also depressed, 
when the under eyelid presents a sort of sack or 
roll, or appears swollen. (See Fig. 37.) 

Very large, has a natural and astonishing com- 
mand of words, eloquence of expression, and verbal 
memory ; quotes with ease ; is an incessant talker ; 
has too many words. Large, is a free, easy, ready, 
fluent talker and speaker ; uses good language ; 
commits to memory easily ; seldom hesitates for 
words. Fiill, commands a fair share of words, 
yet uses familiar expressions ; is neither fluent nor 
the reverse ; when excited expresses himself freely, 
yet not in a brilliant way. Average, can com- 



PHRENOLOGY 



133 




Fig. 37. Language 

This is the portrait of Dr. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esper- 
anto, Note the large eyes, behind which this organ is located. 



134 PHRENOLOGY 

municate his ideas fairly well, yet finds some 
difficulty in doing so ; uses common words ; can 
write better than talk. Moderate, often hesitates 
for words ; employs too few ; may write well and 
speak foreign languages accurately ; but is not an 
easy, fluent speaker. Small, employs only few 
words, and those are commonplace ; in speaking, 
hesitates much ; is barren in expression ; commits 
to memory slowly. Very small, can hardly re- 
member the use of words. 

(Reflective Group) 

39. Causality 

Disposition to Search. Out the Cause of Every Effect, 
to Investigate, to Argue as to the Why and Where- 
fore of Everything 

Situated on the upper part of the forehead, on 
each side of Comparison, which occupies the centre. 
(See 39, in Fig. 7.) The two together, when both 
are large, give great fulness, to. that portion of the 
forehead. 

Very large, is endowed with a deep, strong, 
original mind, powerful reasoning faculties, great 
vigor and energy of thought, first-rate judgment, 
and great intellect. Large, plans well ; can think 
clearly and closely ; is always inquiring into the 



PHRENOLOGY 135 

why and wherefore, the causes and explanation of 
things ; always gives and requires a reason ; has 
by nature excellent judgment, good ideas, and a 
strong mind. Full, has an active desire to ascer- 
tain causes, yet not a deep, original, cause dis- 
covering and applying mind. Average, has some, 
but not great ability to plan and reason. Moder- 
ate, is rather slow of comprehension ; deficient in 
adapting means to ends ; has not good ideas or 
judgment. Small, has a weak mind ; cannot think 
or contrive. Very small, has little idea of the 
connection between cause and effect ; is a natural 
fool. 

40. COMPAEISON 

Ability to Compare and Judge of the Quality of Differ- 
ent Things, to Discover Resemblances, and to Per- 
ceive Differences 

Situated in the upper part of the forehead in 
the middle line between the two sides, and usually 
just below the roots of the hair, the bottom being 
about the centre of the forehead (Fig. 38). 

Very large, has an extraordinary amount of 
critical wisdom, comparing and illustrating power. 
Large, has a happy talent for comparing and 
illustrating, criticizing and arguing from similar 
cases. Full, illustrates and discriminates well, 



136 PHRENOLOGY 

but not remarkably so. Average, perceives strik- 
ing similarities ; illustrates fairly well. Moderate, 
may see obvious similarities, yet overlooks others. 
Small or very small, has little of this power. 

Not Grouped 
The organs of Human Nature and Agreeable- 
ness were not recognized by the older phrenolo- 




Fig. 38. Comparison, Large (C) 
This figure also shows Small Eventuality and 
Large Individuality, at A and B, respectively 

gists, but were definitely established and located 
by the Fowlers. By them they were placed under 
the Semi-Intellectual Group. 

41. Human Nature 
Perception of Character and Motives 
Located on the middle line of the forehead 



PHRENOLOGY 137 

between Comparison and Benevolence. (See 41, in 
Fig. 7.) 

Large or very large, perceives the character 
and motives of men from their physiognomy, 
conversation, dress, etc. ; is suspicious and seldom 
deceived ; has a natural understanding of human 
nature. Moderate or Small, seldom suspects 
others ; is easily imposed upon ; learns to read 
human nature slowlv : does not know well how 
to take men ; lacks tact in dealing with them. 

42. Agreeableness 
Ability to Make Oneself Agreeable 

Situated on the upper edge of the forehead. 
It lies directly over the inner angle of the eye, 
and about two inches above the ridge of the eye- 
brow. (See 42, in Fig. 7.) 

Large or very large, readily wins confidence 
and affection, even of enemies ; can say and do 
hard things without creating resentment ; obtain 
favors, and get along well. Average or Full, 
neither excels nor is deficient in this respect 
Moderate or Small, is deficient in the power de- 
scribed ; says pleasant things unpleasantly and 
does not succeed in winning friends. 



CHAPTER IX 

TEMPERAMENT AS A MODIFYING CAUSE 

One of the arguments often used against the 
claim that mental ability can be determined by 
the size of the brain is the fact that men with 
small heads sometimes accomplish more than those 
who have heads of much greater size. This is 
true, while in no way disposing of the claims of 
phrenology, for the following reasons. 

Taken as a whole, the head of a man may be 
small, and yet he may possess a powerful intellect 
owing to the fact that in him the region of the 
propensities, or sentiments, or of both, are unde- 
veloped ; while the anterior (front) lobe of the 
brain, in which the intellectual organs are located, 
is large. The small size of the organs through 
which act the vital and animal faculties, there- 
fore, give him a skull that is perhaps smaller than 
the average, although his other organs are of 
normal or more than normal size. 

It consequently follows that a small head is 
*3 8 



PHRENOLOGY 139 

by no means a sure sign of lack of intellect, or 
vice versa. And it will usually be found that 
where the forehead, or front lobe, is very large, 
and the other parts small, the intellectual power 
is notable, but not the force to use it to good 
advantage. The person lacks energy because of 
the weakness of the vital organs. Men with 
small heads may be brilliant, acute, and in par- 
ticular directions strong, but they are not usually 
profound or commanding. On the other hand, 
men with large heads are often dull, if not stupid, 
on account of low organic quality. Both high 
quality and large size are essential to the highest 
order of power, whether of body or mind. 

After all, these exceptions only prove the rule, 
for distinguished men of all ages, like Washing- 
ton, Gall, Franklin, Webster, Beecher, and others, 
all possessed large heads, and few instances can 
be found where a decidedly great man has 
possessed a really small head. The phrenologist 
is therefore right in declaring that large mental 
powers depend upon the size of the brain. All 
the organs must not only be large, but they must 
be in a constant state of activity. 

Applying this law to distinct parts, we find 
that in those men who possess extraordinary 



140 



PHRENOLOGY 



faculties of whatever kind, the organs through 
which these faculties function always show a 
corresponding degree of development. In order 
to have a really good head each part must be 
full. (Fig. 39 shows a well-balanced head, and 





Fig. 39. 



Fig. 40. 



Fig. 40, that of Dr. Gall, with large reflective and 
full perceptive faculties.) 

Health 
The health of the brain should also be taken 
into consideration. Disease often makes such 
havoc in the brain that its natural strength 
or tone is entirely lost. Vice and excesses of 
any kind may have such an influence upon it that 
it becomes inactive and greatly loses its power 



PHRENOLOGY 141 

until insanity or idiocy results. In other instances, 
the stomach is so feeble that it is not able to 
manufacture a sufficient quantity of blood to 
supply the brain with its proper nourishment ; 
this causes slowness in the mental operations, 
giving indications of dullness and stupidity not 
justified by the development of the several organs. 
Such cases are exceptions to the general rule that 
size is the measure of power, because the condi- 
tions are not equal. 

Quality 
The quality of the brain, in which there is as 
much difference as there is in the bones or other 
parts of the body, should also be taken into ac- 
count. In infancy the brain is soft, resembling a 
fluid almost as much as a solid. At this period 
the mental faculties are weak. But as the brain 
approaches maturity it gradually becomes more 
compact, has more tenacity, and the powers of 
the mind are found to keep pace with this gradual 
change. When the brain is not subjected to im- 
proper influences it continues to increase in size 
and weight until the age of complete maturity. 
Not until then is it fully developed, bringing with 
it a corresponding strength of mind. 



142 PHRENOLOGY 

Precocious Children 
Those exceptional cases in which the brain ma- 
tures early, due to continued exercise of the mind 
in childhood, seldom arrive at that degree of per- 
fection found in those who are not thus forced 
along. Precocious children are usually not long- 
lived. They reach maturity earlier, but seldom 
endure as long as less brilliant children. They are 
like tropical plants which come to a quick growth, 
bloom brilliantly for a short time, and then rap- 
idly wither and die. It has long been observed 
that those minds remarkable for strength and en- 
durance belong to individuals who in youth were 
not remarkably promising. In early life the vital 
powers of the latter were used by the body to lay 
a good physical foundation ; when this was ac- 
complished, and the body had attained its full 
growth, the vital energy was centered upon the 
brain. Thus their later mental growth was at- 
tended by a constitution capable of great endur- 
ance, a brain well sustained by pure, rich blood, 
and a consequent soundness of mind. A lion is 
strong because his muscles, ligaments, and bones 
are dense and tough. It is the same in man as in 
animals, in brain as in muscle. Real greatness 
can exist only where the bulky, compact brain is 



PHRENOLOGY 143 

combined with strong nerves, and a dense, tough, 
firmly knit body. 

It happens frequently that the brain, even in 
adults, is only little advanced beyond the ordinary 
condition of the brain of youth, and the powers 
of the mind correspond with the state of the 
brain. 

It is highly important for the phrenologist to 
consider this condition, as two heads may be found 
of the same general size and shape, in one of 
which the quality of the brain is fine and com- 
pact, in the other coarse and watery. Now such 
persons would present very different characters. 

Eacial Influences 
But how, asks the student, can we discover the 
quality of the brain ? The answer is, by signs 
which indicate the temperaments. To a large ex- 
tent, though not wholly, these indicate important 
constitutional qualities. There are some constitu- 
tional qualities which can be known only by 
knowing the full history of the stock, or race, 
from which the individual descended. Combe de- 
clared that he had observed a certain feebleness 
in the brain, indicating itself by weakness of mind 
without derangement, in individuals born in India 



144 PHRENOLOGY 

of an English father and a Hindu mother. He 
had also noticed feebleness and sometimes irregu- 
larity of action in the brains of individuals, not 
insane, but who belonged to a family in which in- 
sanity abounded. 

In a general way, however, the temperaments 
afford a fairly accurate index to the condition of 
the individual brain, and when making a phreno- 
logical examination these should always be taken 
into account. The next chapter will show how 
these are determined, and to what extent they in- 
fluence the distinguishing traits of human char- 
acter. 



CHAPTEE X 
THE TEMPERAMENTS 

.Temperament may be roughly defined as the 
quality and power of the mental and physical 
organs of the human body. In other words, it is 
the mixture of various qualities which make up 
the natural constitution of a person. When we say 
a man has a strong constitution we mean that these 
qualities are so combined as to give him the power 
to resist disease, to endure hardships, and to work 
hard without tiring easily. On the other hand, 
individuals with a weak constitution have little 
power of resistance, are not adapted to much hard 
labor, and are not fitted for anything demanding 
long continued effort, either mental or physical. 
Just as different woods vary in their strength and 
resistance because of the fineness or coarseness of 
their grain and the softness or toughness of their 
fibre, so do human bodies. Soft pine would make 
a poor handle for an axe, a hammer, or a pick, be- 
cause it splits too easily to stand the hard usage 
145 



146 PHRENOLOGY 

to which these tools are put ; but for other pur- 
poses it answers very well. Things are of value 
according to the grade or degree of quality which 
they have — whether they are hard or soft, dense 
or spongy, weak or strong. 

In human beings this ruling quality is said to 
form the temperament. It is usually the result 
of different qualities acting together, the whole 
making up the constitution. 

Persons differ a great deal in this regard. Few 
can be found whose make-up is exactly the same in 
bone and muscle elements, nerve power, circula- 
tion, or their power to digest and derive nourish- 
ment from the food which they eat. They may 
indeed be alike in some of these respects, but not 
in all. In just so much as a man differs from his 
fellows, in just that much may he be said to have 
a temperament of his own. 

But once in a while we find two men who are 
much alike in this regard, and knowing the degree 
of mental and physical force in the one we can 
judge of the strength or weakness of the other. 

The temperaments, as understood and applied by 
the older phrenologists in the study of character, 
were described as four — The Lymphatic, the San- 
guine, the Bilious, and the Nervous. 



PHRENOLOGY 147 

These terms were founded on the degree of rul- 
ing power exercised by the stomach, the lungs, 
the liver, and the brain. Where either rules, it 
gives its peculiar tone to the mind and body. 

The Lymphatic Temperament 

may be known by the following signs. The skin 
presents a white or milk-like appearance; the 
hair is usually light, and the eyes light and dull. 
The form is round, and the stomach prominent. 
The flesh and muscles are soft, and the circulation 
of the blood slow and feeble; the movements of 
the body and brain, as a part of the physical 
system, are consequently slow and languid. Tak- 
ing their tone from the body the mental operations 
are sluo-o-jsh and weak. 



"oo J 



The Sanguine Temperament 
This is shown by blue eyes, light or chestnut 
hair, fair skin, well defined form of moderate 
plumpness ; a ruddy, lively countenance, strong 
and frequent pulse, and a well developed chest. 
The heart is large, the lungs strong, thus keeping 
the blood in good condition. People of this 
temperament dislike confinement, and have a fond- 
ness for exercise. They are ardent, fond of action, 



148 PHRENOLOGY 

and impressible, and their brain shares the general 
vigor of the system. 

Bilious, or Musculak, Temperament 
The signs of this temperament are large 
muscles ; a strong, well-built frame ; hair usually 
coarse and black; black eyes, and skin of a dark 
yellow or brown hue. The flesh is firm and the 
bones large. The countenance shows strong, 
marked, and decided features. These qualities give 
endurance of body and mind, and indicate great 
activity, energy, and power. 

The unusual activity of the nervous system 
gives rise to the 

Nervous Temperament 
indicated by light, thin hair, a slender, somewhat 
spare body, rapid muscular action, and a skin of 
fine texture. The eyes are usually dark and the 
features sharp ; the countenance pale and the health 
delicate. The whole nervous system, including the 
brain, is usually energetic, and the mental opera- 
tions quick and powerful. 

Combination of Temperaments 
The temperaments are seldom found pure, but 
are combined in various ways, as the Nervous with 



PHRENOLOGY 149 

the Bilious or the Sanguine, called the Nervous- 
Bilious, or the Nervous-Sanguine. The most favor- 
able temperament for physical labor is the San- 
guine-Bilious ; for mental effort the Nervous-Bil- 
ious combined with a share of the Sanguine. 

Size is a measure of power in different individ- 
uals only when the temperaments are alike — and 
when all the other conditions are equal. Hence in 
deciding by this rule, judgment must be exercised, 
or we are liable to make mistakes. 

To sum up, in comparing brains Ave should al- 
ways first decide on the temperaments ; because 
two brains may be of the same size ; but if one be- 
longs to a person having the Lymphatic and the 
other the Nervous temperament, there will be a 
great difference in the way their faculties operate. 

It should be remembered that in speaking of 
these temperaments, the kind of constitution is re- 
ferred to and not the disposition. A man may 
have all the marks of the Sanguine temperament 
and yet be inclined to look on the dark side of 
things. The Bilious temperament does not mean 
that a person having it is subject to bilious attacks ; 
nor does the Nervous temperament make one 
nervous and excitable, although he may be either 
or both. 



CHAPTEK XI 
THE NEW CLASSIFICATION 

The Fowlers and other later phrenologists, 
while admitting the value of the classification of 
the Temperaments given in the last chapter, ob- 
jected to it because at least two of these — the 
Lymphatic and the Nervous — were the result of 
unhealthy conditions in the body. Although they 
thought it necessary to take these conditions into 
account, they preferred to base their examinations 
on what they believed to be a simpler and more 
reliable system. This was founded on the three 
systems of organs to be found in the human body 
and each of the higher order of animals. These 
are : the Motive or Mechanical system ; the Vital 
or Nutritive system ; and the Mental or Nervous 
system. On this natural basis rests their list of 
the Temperaments, which they named : 

1. The Motive Temperament. 

%. The Vital Temperament. 

3. The Mental Temperament. 
150 



PHRENOLOGY 151 

Each of these is determined by the ruling power 
of the class of organs from which it is named. 

The first, or mechanical system, is made up of 
the framework of bone and muscles, united by 
fibres or tendons, which act like ropes attached to 
levers, giving the ability to move and act. It 
corresponds to the Bilious Temperament of the old 
list. 

In the second, or Vital Temperament, the or- 
gans rule which give animal strength, energy, and 
endurance. These include the lungs, heart, stom- 
ach, and spleen, whose duty is to make from the 
food and distribute to all parts of the system the 
nourishment necessary for health and strength, 
and to take up and get rid of all waste material. 
This corresponds, in the old class, to the Sanguine 
and Lymphatic Temperaments combined. 

The third, or Mental Temperament, is marked 
by the controlling power of the brain and nerves. 
The brain may be likened to the chief despatcher's 
office of a railroad, and the nerves to the tele- 
graph lines which run from the office to all parts 
of the road. Over some of these lines comes the 
information from the outside world ; these corre- 
spond to the nerves of feeling or sensation. Out 
on other lines go the orders which start into mo- 



152 PHRENOLOGY 

tion the men and machinery required for the suc- 
cessful running of the road ; these may be com- 
pared to the nerves of motion, which employ the 
bones and muscles to bring about a desired result. 
And just as the successful running of a railroad 
depends largely upon the clearness with w 7 hich 
the information is received at the despatched 
office, and the sureness with which orders are 
carried out, so the success of a man depends upon 
the clearness with which his brain, through the 
nerves of sensation, receives outside impressions, 
and the accuracy and rapidity with which those 
of motion respond to his will. 

As the brain is the instrument through w 7 hich 
the mind thus acts, and controls as w r ell all nerves 
and muscles throughout the entire body, the Men- 
tal is the most important of all the temperaments, 
but it does not make up the whole of human na- 
ture. A combination of all three, working together 
in harmony, is necessary to make the perfect man. 
But this is rarely found. 

Sometimes the Motive Temperament is stronger 
than the others ; sometimes the Vital ; sometimes 
the Mental. Yet there is usually more or less of 
each temperament in every individual. By study- 
ing the person— his form, his features, his manner, 



PHRENOLOGY 153 

the color of his skin and hair, the temperament 
that rules can be readily learned, and, though per- 
haps not quite so readily, the proportions with 
which it is mixed with the others. 

We will now consider the three temperaments 
separately, and afterward, as they are combined 
and graded in various ways. 



CHAPTER XII 

THE TEMPERAMENTS DESCRIBED 

Large bones, usually long rather than broad, 
and sharp angular outlines denote 

The MotIve Temperament 
While the muscles are only fairly full, they are 
firm, dense, and of great strength. The whole 
body is strong, wiry, and built for great endur- 
ance. A long face with high cheek bones, large 
front teeth, rather long neck, broad shoulders, and 
a chest showing moderate fulness, are other signs 
of this temperament. Strongly marked features, 
with an expression sometimes harsh and stern, 
are accompanied by a complexion and eyes that 
are usually dark — though not always — and dark, 
strong, abundant hair. Leaders in active life who 
love power and conquest, often going through dif- 
ficulties that would discourage less strong men to 
attain their ends, and showing a reckless disre- 
gard of their own physical welfare or that of their 
followers, have these qualities to a great degree. 

154 



PHRENOLOGY 155 

Phrenologically, their organs of Firmness, Combat- 
iveness, and Destructiveness, together with those 
of perception — Individuality, Form, Size, Weight, 
etc. — are large or full, making them self-reliant, 
persevering, ambitious and commanding, constant 
in love and friendship. They are positive in man- 
ner, strong and emphatic in language, and talk 
directly to the point. 

The temperament of Abraham Lincoln was 
Motive, combined with the Mental. (See Fig. 41.) 
His height was six feet four inches ; he had long, 
bony arms and legs ; a long, strong neck ; and his 
lanky figure throughout was made up of hard 
muscles covered by firm flesh, but little fat. The 
study of law and its practice increased his Mental 
Temperament, which showed itself in his keenness 
of mind, his wit and humor. The strength of his 
style in speaking and writing, and the simplicity 
and earnestness of his sentences, were the result of 
a Mental Temperament controlled by the Motive. 
The smoothness and plumpness of the Vital Tem- 
perament was in him almost wholly lacking. 

The Motive Temperament when too largely de- 
veloped results in mere animal strength, with little 
intelligence. The signs are a small head, lacking 
in the upper, or region of the crown, and broad at 



i 5 6 



PHRENOLOGY 




Fig. 41. Abraham Lincoln, Motive-Mental Temperament 



PHRENOLOGY 157 

the base ; a neck that is short and thick ; broad 
shoulders ; expanded chest, and large, thick muscles 
visible through the skin ; in short, the body of a 
prize-fighter, remarkable for brute force and little 
else. 

The Yital Temperament 

The marks of this temperament are : a broad, 
thick trunk, in which the vital organs are located, 
-a well developed stomach, plump and tapering 
limbs, and relatively small hands and feet. The 
head and face tend to roundness, the neck is short 
and thick, and the shoulders broad. The eyes 
and hair are light, and the complexion usually red 
or pink ; while the expression of the face is mild 
and agreeable, often mirthful. 

Persons of this temperament are active, both in 
mind and body. They love fresh air and exer- 
cise, as well as lively conversation and exciting 
debate, but are in general, says Fowler, " less in- 
clined to close study or hard work than those in 
whom the Motive Temperament takes the lead. 
They are ardent, impulsive, versatile, and some- 
times fickle ; and possess more diligence than per- 
severance, and more brilliancy than depth. They 
are frequently passionate and violent, but are as 
easily calmed as excited, and are cheerful, amiable, 



i 5 8 



PHRENOLOGY 




Fig. 42. President Taft, Vital-Mental Temperament 



PHRENOLOGY 159 

and genial in general disposition. Being fond of 
jovial companions and good living, they are more 
liable than others to become users of stimulants to 
an excessive degree, as well as to overeating, and 
should be on their guard against this danger and 
curb their appetites with a strong will." 

In such persons the animal propensities are 
usually large— especially Amativeness, Alimen- 
tiveness, and Acquisitiveness. Hope, Benevolence, 
and Mirthfulness are also large or full. 

President Taf t is a good illustration of the Vital 
Temperament (Fig. 42). In him the great size 
of the chest and stomach, the full face, the stout 
limbs and plump hands, and the well-nourished 
appearance of the entire system, show a free cir- 
culation of rich, red blood, and a healthy condition 
of the organs of digestion and nutrition. In con- 
nection with his fine vital power, the Mental 
Temperament is shown by his large head, which 
gives him the fine intelligence and ability to esti- 
mate the value of men and issues, which have 
placed him in the President's chair. 

A sluggish action of the organs of circulation, 
and those devoted to digestion and secretion, pro- 
duce the unhealthy condition called by the older 
phrenologists the Lymphatic Temperament, re- 



160 PHRENOLOGY 

suiting in slowness of action, both mental and 
physical, laziness and indifference. 

The Mental Temperament 
depending as it does upon the rule of the brain 
and nerves, gives a head relatively large as com- 
pared with the body, which is usually slight. 
Other signs are an oval or pear-shaped face ; high, 
pale forehead, broad at the top ; delicately formed 
features ; expressive countenance ; skin of fine 
texture ; fine, soft hair ; and a soft, high-keyed 
voice. While often well formed and graceful, the 
figure is seldom striking or commanding. 

The possessor of this temperament is naturally 
refined and sensitive ; he loves the beautiful, both 
in art and nature ; his thoughts are quick, his 
senses keen, his imagination vivid and lively, and 
his moral sentiments active and influential. The 
animal organs, which lie at the lower part of the 
head, are usually small as compared with Causality, 
Comparison, Ideality, Spirituality, and Veneration, 
which lie behind the upper portion of the forehead 
and in the region of the crown. This tempera- 
ment prevails among scholars everywhere. 

The picture of Edgar Allen Poe shows an un- 
usually active Mental Temperament (Fig. 43). 



PHRENOLOGY 161 




Fig. 43. Edgar Allen Poe, Mental Temperament 



164 PHRENOLOGY 

In form he was slight, slender, and delicately 
formed. His brain was uncommonly large for the 
size of his face and body, and his features were 
sharply outlined. His head was wide in its upper 
part where reason has its seat, and across the tem- 
ples in the region of Ideality, Constructiveness, 
and Sublimity. His hair was dark and fine, and 
both his skull and scalp were thin. His eyes were 
full and dark, and held a look of noticeable sad- 
ness, corresponding with the events of his troubled 
and varied career. 

The undue or unhealthy development of this 
temperament — resulting from too early and irregu- 
lar growth of the brain, and built up by an indoor 
occupation, the excessive use of tea, coffee, tobacco, 
and other stimulants — brings about a condition 
corresponding to the Nervous Temperament of 
the old classification. The signs are described 
under that head. 

Judging the Temperaments 
Knowing what to look for as indications of 
temperament, the student will find little difficulty 
in arriving at correct conclusions in those cases 
where the Motive, the Vital, or the Mental, 
plainly governs. 



PHRENOLOGY 163 



Fig. 44. Hon. Richard C. Kerens of Missouri, 
A Well-Balanced Temperament 



164 PHRENOLOGY 

With the living subject before him, he will begin 
by considering his size and general appearance, as 
compared with the average development of the 
sex, race, and nation to which the individual be- 
longs. He w r ill next ask himself these questions : 

Are the organs which digest and derive nourish- 
ment from the food large and active, as indicated 
by firm, solid flesh and a healthy color ? 

Is the lung power and circulation good or bad, 
as shown by the size of the chest and the strength 
and steadiness, or otherwise, of the pulse ? 

Does the size of the head correspond well with 
the size of the body, or does either one of these 
seem out of proportion ? 

Is the person slow or quick in his movements ? 

Does he seem to be cold and indifferent, or 
sensitive to impressions, and easily influenced ? 

The manner in which these questions can be an- 
swered will aid the student to arrive at a correct 
judgment regarding the constitutional make-up of 
the individual under examination. lie should 
bear in mind all that has been said in previous 
chapters about the signs of the different tempera- 
ments, and ask himself in what degree do these 
show themselves in the case before him. Is there 
enough of the Vital Temperament to give all the 



PHRENOLOGY 165 




Fig. 45. Tebesa CabebSo, Motive- Vital Temperament 



166 PHRENOLOGY 

energy which could be used to advantage, enough 
of the Motive to give that energy, power and 
force in the work of life, and enough of the 
Mental to direct that power wisely ? 

In a perfect man it is necessary that all the 
powers of brain and body work together in 
harmony. But the perfect man is rare, and even 
among the masses of the crowded city, it is hard 
to find a temperament that is at once strong and 
well balanced. Often one phase of individual 
temperament will be found strong, while other 
phases are weak. 

Another thing should be borne in mind. While 
harmony of temperament is very desirable, this 
balance may exist without strength. That is, all 
the qualities that go to make up that balance may 
themselves be weak, as in a man with a small head 
and low type of development throughout. An- 
other may have a large head, with splendid mental 
development, and yet, because he lacks in Vital 
and Motive power, his actual ability to use his 
brains to the best advantage may be small. 

The best temperament is the one in which the 
signs of all three are so balanced and strong that 
even an expert would find it difficult to say which 
is the most powerful. A good balance of tempera- 



PHRENOLOGY 



167 




Fig. 46. Mme. Louise Homee, Vital-Motive Temperament 



i68 PHRENOLOGY 

ments is shown in Fig. 44. The height and width 
of the forehead denotes an ample Mental Tempera- 
ment, made vigorous by a well developed Vital— 
as shown by the smoothness and fulness of the 
face — and given the power to labor by the 
strength of the Motive, indicated by the well- 
proportioned neck and shoulders. 

In Fig. 45, a combination of the Motive- Vital 
seems to rule. A forehead of only moderate de- 
velopment is combined with a face rather long, 
and well outlined features, both signs of the 
Motive. The expression is mild and pleasant and 
the shoulders and chest broad, which are marks 
of the Vital Temperament. 

In Fig. 46, on the other hand, the round face, the 
short neck, and the broad shoulders and chest show 
good vital quality. This is combined with fair 
Motive, as indicated by the dark, abundant hair, 
the large nose, the width of the side-head above 
the ears, and the lower part of the forehead, as 
compared with that of the upper forehead. 

In conclusion, it may be said that an under- 
standing of the science of Physiognomy is of 
great help to the phrenologist. So true is this 
that many books on Phrenology include the signs 
of character revealed by the shape of the nose, 



PHRENOLOGY 169 

the ears, the eves, the mouth, and the chin. In 
this book the author has devoted himself wholly 
to the presentation of Phrenology alone, because 
of its larger importance, and also because Physi- 
ognomy has been treated in a complete and in- 
teresting manner by Miss Leila Lomax in another 
volume of this series. 



* FINIS 



POPULAR HAND-BOOKS 




GOME books are designed for 
entertainment, others tor informa- 
tion. ^1 This series combines both 
features. The information is not only 
complete and reliable, k is compacl 
and readable. In this busy, bustling 
age it is required that the information 
which books contain shall be ready to 
hand and be presented in the clearest 
and briefest manner possible. <I These volumes are replete 
with valuable information, compadt in form and unequalled 
in point of merit and cheapness. They are the latent as 
well as the be£t books on the subjects of which they treat 
No one who wishes to have a fund of general information 
or who has the desire for self-improvement can afford to be 
without them. <J They are 6x4)4 inches in size, well 
printed on good paper, handsomely bound in green cloth, 
with a heavy paper wrapper to match. . 



Cloth, each 50 cents 



THE PENN PUBLISHING COMPANY 

923 Arch Street, Philadelphia 

I 



ETIQUETTE There is no passport to good society 
By Agnes H. Morton like good manners. <f Even though one 
possess wealth and intelligence, his sue* 
cess in life may be marred by ignorance of social customs. 
•I A perusal of this book will prevent such blunders. It is 
a book for everybody, for the social leaders as well as foi 
jthose less ambitious. €| The subject is presented in a bright 
and interesting manner, and represents the latent vogue. 

LETTER WRITING Why do mo^t persons dislike to 
By Agnes H. Morton write letters ? Is it not because 

they cannot say the right thing in 
tht right place ? This admirable book not only shows by 
numerous examples just what kind of letters to write, but by 
directions and suggestions enables the reader to become an 
accomplished original letter writer. •][ There are forms for all 
kinds of business and social letters, including invitations, 
acceptances, letters of sympathy, congratulations, and love 
letters. 

QUOTATIONS A clever compilation of pithy quota- 
By Agnes H. Morton tions, seleded from a great variety of 
sources, and alphabetically arranged 
according to the sentiment. <J In addition to all the popular 
quotations in current use, it contains many rare bits of prose 
and verse not generally found in similar collections. <| One 
important feature of the book is found in the characteristic 
lines from well known authors, in which the fo'uiliar saying 
are credited to their original sources. 

M 



EPITAPHS Even death lias its humorous side 

By Frederic W. linger *I There are said to be " sermons in 
atones," but when they are tombstones 
there is many a smile mixed with the moral. ^ Usually 
churchyard humor is all the more delightful because it is 
unconscious, but there are times when it is intentional and 
none the less amusing. ^ Of epitaphs, old and new, this 
book contains the be£. It is full of quaint bits of obituary 
fancy, with a touch of the gruesome here and there for a 
relish. 

PI^OVEI^BS The genius, wit, and spirit of a nation 
By John H. Bechtcl are discovered in its proverbs, and the 
condensed wisdom of all ages and all 
nations is embodied in them, tf A good proverb that fits 
the case is often a convincing argument. €][ This volume 
contains a representative collection of proverbs, old and new, 
and the indexes, topical and alphabetical, enable one to find 
readily juSt what he requires. 

THINGS WORTH Can you name the coldest place in 
KNOWING die United States or tell what year 

By John H. Bechtel had 445 days ? Do you know 

how soon the coal fields of the 
Arorld are likely to be exhausted, or how the speed of a 
cnoving tiain maybe told? What should you do firft if 
you got a cinder in your eye, or your neighbor's baby swal- 
lowed a pin ? This unique, up-to-date book answers thou- 
sands of ju& such interesting and useful questions 



A DICTIONARY OF Most of us dislike to look up a 

MYTHOLOGY mythological subjedt because 

By John H. Bechtel °* l ^ e time required, €| This 

book remedies that difficulty 
because in it can be found at a glance just what is wanted. 
€| It is comprehensive, convenient, condensed, and the infor 
.mation is presented in such an interesting manner that when 
once read it will always be remembered. ^ A distinctive 
feature of the book is the pronunciation of the proper names, 
something found in few other works. 

SLIPS OF SPEECH Who does not make them ? 
By John H. Bechtel The best of us do. Q Why not 

avoid them ? Any one inspired 
with the spirit of self-improvement may readily do so. €J No 
necessity for studying rules of grammar or rhetoric when this 
book may be had. It teaches both without the study of 
either, fl It is a counsellor, a critic, a companion, and a 
guidft. and is written in a most entertaining and chatty style. 

HANDBOOK OF What is more disagreeable 

PRONUNCIATION &an a faulty pronunciation? 
By John H. Bechtel No other defect so clearly 

shows a lack of culture. €J This 
book contains over 5,000 words on which most of us are 
apt to trip. •! They are here pronounced in the clearest and 
simplest manner, and according to the best authority ^ It 
is more readily consulted than a dictionary, and is just ai 
reliable. 



PRACTICAL A new word is a new tool <J This 

SYNONYMS k°°k w ^ not om V enlarge your vocabu- 
By John ti. Bcchtcl lar y» but wi ^ show y° u how to express 
the exa<5t shade of meaning you have 
in mind, and will cultivate a more precise habit of thought 
and speech, ^ It will be found invaluable to busy journalists, 
merchants, lawyers, or clergymen, and as an aid to teachers 
no less than to the boys and girls under their care 



READY MADE SPEECHES Pretty much everybody 
By George Hapgood, Esq. in these latter days, is 

now and again called 
upon "to say a few words in public." ^ Unfortunately, 
however, but few of us are gifted with the power of ready 
and graceful speech. •} This is a book of carefully planned 
model speeches to aid those who, without some slight help, 
muft remain silent. €J There is a preliminary chapter of gen- 
eral advice to speakers. 

AFTEr^-DINNER The dinner itself may be ever so 
STORIES good, and yet prove a failure if there 

By John Harrison n no m j r * to enKven the company. 

•J Nothing adds so much zest to an 
occasion of this kind as a good &ory well told. ^ Here are 
hundreds of the latent, be&, brightest, and mo£ catchy Tories, 
all of ihem short and pithy, and so easy to remember that 
anyone can tell them successfully. ^ There are also a 
number of selected toa&s suitable to all occasions. 



TOASTS Most men dread being called upon to 

By William Pittenger respond to a toast or to make an ad- 
dress. <J What would you not give for 
the ability to be rid of this embarrassment ? No need to 
give much when you can learn the art from this little book. 
•J It will tell you how to do it ; not only that, but by ex- 
ample it will show the way. ^ It is valuable not alone to 
the novice, but to the experienced speaker, who will gather 
from it many suggestions. 

THE DEBATER'S There is no greater ability than 
TREASURY the power of skillful and forcible 

By William Pittenger debate, and no accomplishment 

more readily acquired if the person 
is properly directed. ^ In this little volume are directions for 
organizing and conducting debating societies and practical 
suggestions for all who desire to discuss questions in public. 
<| There is also a list of over 200 questions for debate, with 
arguments both affirmative and negative. 

PUNCTUATION Few persons can punctuate properly ; 
By Paul Allardyce to avoid mistakes many do not punctu- 

ate at all. CJ A perusal of this book 
will remove all difficulties and make all points clear. ^ The 
rules are plainly stated and freely illustrated, thus furnishing 
a most useful volume. <J The author is everywhere recog- 
nized as the leading authority upon the subject, and what 
ke has to say is practical, concise, and comprehensive- 



H 1^ 82 











4PV 



V • ©, 








r ,** 



"V 






" A>^ -IB? 8 c5»V •' 









=a a0* •I'f*. ^ v v % *i^c* ^ 



^ ^ VSR** ^ ** 



o " • . V. 






> : * . « • 



cpSi^A 



** • ♦ 



"O Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process 
<3 Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 
Treatment Date: Nov. 2004 



*«<3 W $°*rs # ^Siiv o ? PreservationTechnoIogies 

**Y\\* % 43^ <?• # *»iV> *0 A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATIOr, 

-Jj> 1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive 

^ V **iwO!W* *fc 4> •■* Cranberry Township, PA 16066 



V*" .*, 






o v * 















* 4? ^ °. 



^O *© • » * A V> 4 • • * A W 4* ^ 




§k MAY 82 



N. MANCHESTER, 
INDIANA 46962 







